PURSUE-RELEASE-03 Serial e44ddbe2-b76a-4a8c-b9f8-248108c1f4db

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HS/HC 475

Flying Objects

DECLASSIFIED
Authority:
NND 917075

RG 263 CIA E

FOLDER 90

10

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SECURITY INFORMA

# FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C.

OFFICE OF  THE  ADMINISTRATOR

APR 18 1953

Mr. Richard D. Drain
Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Committee
2430 E Street, N. W.
Washington 25, D. C.

Dear Mr. Drain:

We have carefully studied the report of the Panel of Scientific Consultants on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects," which you sent this Agency on March 13.

The conclusions of the Panel and its recommendations, particularly in terms of public education, are of con- siderable interest in connection with the civil defense program. We appreciate your indicated willingness to assist in implementing the appropriate aspects of the Panel's report as applicable to Civil Defense, and suggest that a conference be arranged for a full discus- sion of the subject on a mutually satisfactory date.

Sincerely,

THE C.I.A. HAS NO OBJECTION
TO THE DECLASSIFICATION OF
THIS DOCUMENT.
AUTHORITY: HR 70-2
REVIEWER 0233768 DATE 7 JUN 91

Val Peterson

-

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400164

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

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нич

13 March 1953

Mr. Edward T. Dickinson
Vice Chairman, National Security
Resources Board
Room 211
Executive Office Building
Washington 25, D. C.

Dear Mr. Dickinson:

The Director of Central Intelligence has asked that you be furnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of scientists on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects. This panel was convened at the direction of General Saith, following the recommendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee

The conclusions and recommendations may be of interest to you, in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security which are related to the subject and suggest ways of their elimination.

Although this Agency does not consider problems arising from sightings of flying saucers primarily its concern, we shall be pleased to assist in any appropriate action that you may deen ad- visable.

Copies of this report are also being sent to the Secretary of Defense and to the Chairman, National Security Resources Board.
This document has been approved for release through the HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Federal Civil Defense Administration.
Sincerely yours,

Date: 7 JUN 91
HRP: 89-2

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# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

L

13 March 1953

The Honorable
The Secretary of Defense
Department of Defense
Washington 25, D. C.

Dear Mr. Secretary:

The Director of Central Intelligence has asked t you be furnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a 1.)SJlel of scientists on the subject of 11 Unid ntified Flying Objects," This panel was convened at the direction of General Smith, following the racommendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee.

The conclusions and recommendations may be of interest to you, in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security, which are related to the subject and suggest ways of their elimination.

AJ.though this Agency does not consider problems arising from sightings o'f" "flying saucers" primarily its concern, ve shall be pleased to assist in any appropriate action that you may deem ad visable.

Federal Civil Defense Copies of this report are also being sent to the Secretary of Administration Defense and to the Chairman, National Security Resources Board.

Sincerely yours,

RICHARD D. DRAIN
Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Committee

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

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в нач

13 March 1953

The Honorable Val Peterson
Administrator, Federal Civil
Defense Administration
1930 Columbia Road, N. W.
Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. Peterson:

The Director of Central Intelligence has asked ilhat you be

f'urnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of scientists on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects." This panelwas convened atthe direction ofGeneral Smith, following the r•commendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee.

The conclusions and recommendations may be ot interest to you,

in that they point out certainpotential dangers to national security, which are related to the subject and suggest vaya of their elimination.

Although this Agency does not consider problems arisingfrom

sightings of "flying saucers" primarily its concern, we shallbe pleased to ass ist inaey appropriate action that you may deem ad visable.

Copies of this report are also being sent to the Secretary of Defense and to the Chairman, National Security Resources Board.
<signature>
Sincerely yours,

RICHARD D. DRAIN
Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Committee

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

Enclosure

Distribution:
Orig and 1 -- Addressee
1 -- DCI
1 -- DD/I
1 -- Admin Files
1 -- AD/SI

OIC:RDD:KR (13 March 1953)

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[FORM LETTER]

H

12 March 1953

Mr. C. D. Jackson
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. Jackson:

Mr. Robert Amory, Jr., Assistant Deputy Director/Intel ligence, bas asked me to torvard to you toryour information the enclosed report " Report of the Scientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects", dated January 17, 1953

This report was prepared by a panel convened in January 1953 at the direction of the former Director of Central Intelli- gence, General Walter B. Smith, with the concurrence of the Intelligence Advisory Committee

Copies are being transmitted to the Secretary of Defense; the Director, Federal Civil Defense Administration; and the Chairman, National Security Resources Board.

Sincerely  yours,

RICHARD D. DRAIN
Secretary
Intelligence Advisory Committee

OIC:RDD:KR (12 March 1953)
cc: DD / I
OSI

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One copy of the attached form letter aent to each of

the  following:

Mr. Robert Cutler
224 Executive Office Building

Mr. C. D. Jackson
Special Assistant to the President
The White House

Mr. James S. Lay
Executive Secretary
National Security Council
302-A Executive Office Building

Mr.  George Morgan
Psychological  StrategyBoard
7o8  Jackson  Place

Mr. Tracey Barnes
Psychological Strategy Board
708 Jackson Place

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REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC PANEL
ON
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS

JAN 17 1953

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

1. Pursuant to the request of the Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, the undersigned Panel of Scientific Consultants has met to evaluate any possible threat to national security posed by Unidentified Flying Objects ("Flying Saucere"), and to make recommendations thereon. The Panel has received the evidence as presented by cognizant intelli- gence agencies, primarily the Air Technical Intelligence Center, and has reviewed a selection of the best documented incidents.

2.

As a result of its considerations; the Panel concludes:

a .

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

indications of hostile action, and the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior and harmful distrust of duly constituted authority.

4. In order most effectively to strengthen the national facilities for the timely recognition and the appropriate handling of true indications of hostile action, and to minimize the concomitant dangers alluded to above, the Panel recommends:

8. That the national security agencies take immediate steps to strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired;

b. That the national security agencies institute policies on intelligence, training, and public education designed to prepare the material defenses and the morale of the country to recognize most promptly and to react most effectively to true indications of hostile intent or action.

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TAB B

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS

14 -17 January 1953

## EVIDENCE PRESENTED

1. Seventy-five case histories of sightings 1951 600 1952 (selected by
ATIC as those best documented).

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

## EVIDENCE PRESENTED (cont.)

- 20 ATIC Status and Progress Reports of Project GRDUGE and Project BLUE BOOK (code names for ATIC study of subject).

3. Progress Reports of Project STORK (code name for Battelle Memorial Institute contract work supporting ATIC).

4. Summary Report of Sightings at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.

5. Report of USAF Research Center, Cambridge, Mass., Investigation of "Green Fireball" Phenomena (Project TWINKLE).

6. Outline of Investigation of U.F.0.'s Proposed by Kirtland Air Force Base (Project POUNCE).

7. Motion Picture Films of sightings at Tremonton, Utah, 2 July 1952 and Great Falls, Montana, August 1950.

8. Summary Report of 89 selected cases of sightings of various categories (Formations, Blinking Lights, Hovering, etc.).

9. Draft of manual: "How to Make a FLYOERPT", prepared at ATIC.

10. Chart Showing Plot of Geographic Location of Unexplained Sightings in the United States during 1952.

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TAB B

16. Motion picture of seagulls in bright sunlight showing high reflectivity.

17. Intelligence Reports Relating to U.S.S.R. Interest in U. S. Sightings.

18. Samples of Official USAF Reporting Forms and Copies of Pertinent Air Force, Army and Navy Orders Relating to Subject.

19. Sample Polyethylene "Pillow" Balloon (54 inches square).

20. "Variations in Radar Coverage", JANP 101 (Manual illustrating unusual operating characteristics of Service radar).

21. Miscellaneous official letters and foreign intelligence reports dealing with subject.

22. Copies of popular published works dealing with subject (articles in periodicals, newspaper clippings and books).

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# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

## EVIDENCE PRESENTED (cont.)

TAB C

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON

UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS

14 17 January 1953

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

## EVIDENCE PRESENTED (cont.)

| MEMBERS                        | ORGANIZATION                                                      | FIELD OF COMPETENCY                               |
|-|-|-|
| Dr. H. P. Robertson (Chairman) | California Institute<br />of Technology                           | Physics, weapons<br />systems                     |
| Dr. Luis W. Alvarez            | University of<br />California                                     | Physics, radar                                    |
| Ir. Lloyd V. Berkner           | Associated Univer<br />sities, Inc.                               | Geophysics                                        |
| Dr. Samuel Goudsmit            | Brookhaven National<br />Laboratories                             | Atomic structure,<br />statistical<br />problems  |
| Dr. Thornton Page              | Office of Research<br />Operations, Johns<br />Hopkins University | Astronomy, Astro-<br />physics                    |
| ASSOCIATE MEMBERS              |                                                                   |                                                   |
| Dr. J. Allen Hynak             | Ohio State Univer<br />Bity                                       | Astronomy                                         |
| Mr. Frederick C. Durant        | Arthur D. Little,<br />Inc.                                       | Rockets, guided<br />missiles                     |
| INTERVIEWEES                   |                                                                   |                                                   |
| Brig. Gen. William M. Garland  | manding General,<br />ATIC                                        | Scientific and<br />technical intelli-<br />gence |
| Dr. H. Marshall Chadwell       | Asa stant Director,<br />0,SI, CIA                                | Scientific and<br />technical intelli-<br />gence |
| Mr. Ralph L. Clark             | Deputy Assistant<br />Director, O/SI, CIA                         | Scientific and<br />technical intelli<br />gence  |

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

## EVIDENCE PRESENTED (cont.)

TAB C

| INTERVIEWEES (can't)          | ORGANIZATION                                              | FIELD OF COMPETENCY                               |
|-|-|-|
| Mr. Philip G. Strong          | Chief, Operations<br />Staff, 0/SI, CIA                   | Scientific and<br />technical intelli-<br />genne |
| Mr. Stephan T. Possony        | Acting Chief, Spesial<br />Study Group, D/I<br />USAP     | Seientific and<br />technical intelli<br />gence  |
| Capt. Etward J. Ruppelt, USAF | Chief, Aerial Phenomena<br />Branch, ATIC, USAF           | Seientific and<br />technical intelli<br />genee  |
| Mr. J. Dewey Fournet, Jr.     | The Ethyl Corporation                                     | Aero Eng.                                         |
| Lt. R. 3. Neasham, USH        | USH Photo Interpreta<br />tion Laboratory,<br />Anacostia | Photo interpretation                              |
| Nr. Harry Woo                 | US Photo Interprete<br />tion Laboratory,<br />Anneestin  | Photo interpretation                              |

# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

## EVIDENCE PRESENTED (cont.)

INTELLIGENCE  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE

UNIDENTIFIED  FLYING  OBJECTS

1. Transmitted herew ithis a copy of the report (Tab A) of the

- scientific panel convened as a result of the action taken by the Intelligence Advisory Committee on 4December (IAC-M-90, paragraph 3A) on this subj ect. Attached· to the report are a sunma.ry of evi dence presented (Tab B) and a l i st of the personnel partici pating (Tab C).

2 . It is proposed to t r ansmit copies of this report to the

- Secretary ofDefense; the Director, Federal Civil Defense Adminis tration; and the C hairman, National Security R esources Board for their information and such action as they may f eel neces sary.

3. The results of the panel's studies have moved CIA to conclude

- that no National SecurityCouncil Intelligence Directive on t his su b ject is warranted.

4. Please inf orm the undersigned by 25F ebruary 1953 ifyou do

- not concur in th e action and conclusions cont a ined in para grap hs 2 and 3, above.

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fil 081

REPORT OF MEETINGS OF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL

ON UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS

CONVENED BY OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE, CIA

January 118, 1953

F. C. DURANT

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# WASHINGTON  25, D. C. (cont.)

## INDEX

|           |                                                    | Page   |
|-|-|-|
| Purpose   |                                                    | 1      |
| Part I:   | History of Meetings of Panel                       | 1      |
| Part II:  | Comments and Suggestions of Panel                  | 7      |
|           | General                                            | 7      |
|           | On Lack of Danger                                  | 8      |
|           | Air Force Reporting System                         | 9      |
|           | Artifacts of Extraterrestial Origin                | 10     |
|           | Tremonton, Utah, Sighting                          | 11     |
|           | Potential Related Dangers                          | 15     |
|           | Geographic Locations of Unexplained<br />Sightings | 25     |
|           | Instrumentation to Obtain Data                     | 16     |
|           | Radar Problem of Mutual Interference               | 18     |
|           | Unexplained Cosmic Ray Phenomena                   | 19     |
|           | Educational Program                                | 19     |
|           | Unofficial Investigating Groups                    | 23     |
|           | Increase in Imber of Sightings                     | 24     |
| Report of | Panel                                              | Tab A  |
| List of   | Personnel Concerned with Meetings                  | Tab B  |
| Idat of   | Documentary Evidence Presented                     | Tab C  |

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# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL

## GENERAL

The Panel Members were impressed (as have been others, includ ing 0/SI personnel) in the lack of sound data in the great majority of case histories; also, in the lack of speedy follow-up due primarily to the modest size and limited facilities of the ATIC section concerned. Among the case histories of significant sightings discussed in detail were the followings

Bellefontaine, Ohio (1 August 1952); Tremonton, Utah (2 July 1952); Great Falls, Montana (15 August 1950); Yaak, Montana (1 September 1952); Washington, D. C. area (19 July 1952); and Haneda A.F.B., Japan (5 August 1952), Port Huron, Michigan (29 July 1952); and Presque Isle, Maine (10 October 1952).

# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## GENERAL (cont.)

After review and discussion of these cases (and about 15 others, in less detail), the Panel concluded that reasonable explanations could be suggested for most sightings and "by deduction and scientific method it could be induced (given additional data) that other cases might be explained in a similar manner". The Panel pointed out that because of the brevity of some sightings (e.g. 2-3 seconds) and the inability of the witnesses to express themselves clearly (semantics) that conclusive explanations could not be expected for every case reported. Furthermore, it was considered that, normally, it would be a great waste of effort to try to solve most of the sightings, unless such action would benefit a training and educational program (see below). The writings of Charles Fort were referenced to show

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that "strange things in the sky" had been recorded for hundreds of years. It appeared obvious that there was no single explanation for a majority of the things seen. The presence of radar and astro- nomical specialists on the Panel proved of value at once in their confident recognition of phenomena related to their fields. It was apparent that specialists in such additional fields as psychology, meteorology, aerodynamics, ornithology and military air operations would extend the ability of the Panel to recognize many more cate- gories of little-known phenomena.

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# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## ON LACK OF DANGER (cont.)

have been so labeled. It was interesting that in at least two cases reviewed that the object sighted was categorized by Robertson and Alvarez as probably "Foo Fighters", to date unexplained but not dangerous; they were not happy thus to dismiss the sightings by calling them names. It was their feeling that these phenomena are not beyond the domain of present knowledge of physical science; however. AIR FORCE REPORTING SYSTEM

# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## ON LACK OF DANGER (cont.)

It was the Panel's opinion that some of the Air Force concern over U..o.'s (notwithstanding Air Defense Command anxiety over fast radar tracks) was probably caused by public pressure. The result today is that the Air Force has instituted a fine channel for receiving reports of nearly anything anyone sees in the sky and fails to understand. This has been particularly encouraged in popu- lar articles on this and other subjects, such as space travel and science fiction. The result is the mass receipt of low-grade reports which tend to overload channels of communication with material quite irrelevant to hostile objects that might some day appear. The Panel agreed generally that this mass of poor-quality reports containing little, if any, scientific data was of no value. Quite the opposite, it was possibly dangerous in having a military service foster public concern in "nocturnal meandering lights". The implication being, since the interested agency was military, that these objects were or might be potential direct threats to national security. Accord- ingly, the need for deemphasization made itself apparent. Comments on a possible educational program are enumerated below.

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# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## ON LACK OF DANGER (cont.)

It was the opinion of Dr. Robertson that the "saucer" problem had been found to be different in nature from the detection and investigation of German V-1 and V-2 guided missiles prior to their operational use in World War II. In this 1943-1944 intelligence operation (CROSSBOW), there was excellent intelligence and by June 1944 there was material evidence of the existence of "hardware" obtained from crashed vehicles in Sweden. This evidence gave the investigating team a basis upon which to operate. The absence of any "hardware" resulting from unexplained U.F.O. sightings lends a "will- of-the wisp) nature to the ATIC problem. The results of their investi- gation, to date, strongly indicate that no evidence of hostile act or danger exists. Furthermore, the current reporting system would have little value in the case of detection of enemy attack by conven- tional aircraft or guided missiles; under such conditions "hardware" would be available almost at once.

ARTIFACTS OF EXTRATERRESTIAL ORIGIN

# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## ON LACK OF DANGER (cont.)

It was interesting to note that none of the members of the Panel were leath to accept that this earth might be visited by extra- terrestrial intelligent beings of some sort, some day. What they did not find was any evidence that related the objects sighted to space travelers. Mr. Fournet, in his presentation, showed how he had elim- inated each of the known and probable causes of sightings leaving him "extra-terrestial" as the only one remaining in many cases. Fournet's background as an aeronautical engineer and technical intelligence

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officer (Project Officer, BLUEBOOK for 15 months) could not be slighted. However, the Panel could not accept any of the cases sighted by him because they were raw, unevaluated reports. Terrestrial explanations of the sightings were suggested in some cases and in others the time of sighting was so short as to cause suspicion of visual impressions. It was noted by Dr. Goudsmit and others that extraterrestrial artifacts, if they did exist, are no cause for alarm; rather, they are in the realm of natural phenomena subject to scientific study, just as cosmic rays were at the time of their discovery 20 to 30 years ago. This was an attitude in which Dr. Robertson did not concur, as he felt that such artifacts would be of immediate and great concern not only to the U. S. but to all countries. (Nothing like a common threat to unite peoples!) Dr. Page noted that present astronomical knowledge of the solar system makes the existence of intelligent beings (as we know the term) elsewhere than on the earth extremely unlikely, and the concentration of their attention by any controllable means confined to any one continent of the earth quite preposterous.

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# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## TREMONTON, UTAH, SIGHTING (cont.)

1000 man-hours of professional and sub-professional time in the preparation of graph plots of individual frames of the film, show- ing apparent and relative motion of objects and variation in their light intensity. It was the opinion of the P.I.L. representatives that the objects sighted were not birds, balloons or aircraft, were "not reflections because there was no blinking while passing through 60° of are" and were, therefore, "self-luminous". Plots of motion and variation in light intensity of the objects were dis- played. While the Panel Members were impressed by the evident enthusiasm, industry and extent of effort of the P.I.L. team, they could not accept the conclusions reached. Some of the reasons for this were as follows:

a. A semi-spherical object can readily produce a reflection of sunlight without "blinking" through 60° of are travel.

b. Although no data was available on the "albedo" of birds or polyethylene balloons in bright sunlight, the apparent motions, sizes and brightnesses of the objects were considered strongly to suggest birds, particularly after the Panel viewed a short film showing high reflectivity of seagulls in bright sunlight.

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d. Objects in the Great Falls case were believed to have probably been aircraft, and the bright lights such reflections.

e. There was no valid reason for the attempt to relate the objects in the Tremonton sighting to those in the Great Falls sight- ing. This may have been due to misunderstanding in their directive. The objects in the Great Falls sighting are strongly suspected of being reflections of aircraft known to have been in the area.

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k. Hand "jitter" frequencies (obtainable from early part of

Tremonton film) were not removed from the plots of the

"single pass plots" at the end of the film.

# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## TREMONTON, UTAH, SIGHTING (cont.)

The Panel believed strongly that the data available on this sighting was sufficient for positive identification if further data is obtained by photographing polyethylene "pillow" balloons released near the site under similar weather conditions, checking bird flight and reflection characteristics with competent ornithologists and calculating apparent "G" forces acting upon objects from their apparent tracks. It was concluded that the results of such tests would prob ably lead to creditable explanations of value in an educational or training program. However, the Panel noted that the cost in technical manpower effort required to follow up and explain every one of the thousand or more reports received through channels each year (1,900 in 1952) could not be justified. It was felt that there will always be sightings, for which complete data is lacking, that can only be explained with disproportionate effort and with a long time delay, if at all. The long delay in explaining a sighting tends to eliminate any intelligence value. The educational or training program should have as a major purpose the elimination of popular feeling that every sighting, no matter how poor the data, must be explained in detail. Attention should be directed to the requirement among scientists that a new phenomena, to be accepted, must be completely and convincingly documented. In other words, the burden of proof is on the sighter, not the explainer.

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## POTENTIAL RELATED DANGERS

The Panel Members were in agreement with 0/SI opinion that, although evidence of any direct threat from these sightings was wholly lacking, related dangers might well exist resulting fromt

a. Misidentification of actual enemy artifacts by defense

personnel.

b. Overloading of emergency reporting channels with "false" information ("noise to signal ratio" analogy-Berkner). c. Subjectivity of public to mass hysteria and greater vul- netrability to possible enemy psychological warfare.

Although not the concern of CIA, the first two of these problems may seriously affect the Air Defense intelligence system, and should be studied by experts, possibly under ADC. If U.F.O.'s become dis credited in a reaction to the "flying saucer" scare, or if report- ing channels are saturated with false and poorly documented reports, our capability of detecting hostile activity will be reduced. Dr. Page noted that more competent screening or filtering of reported sightings at or near the source is required, and that this can best be accomplished by an educational program.

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF UNEXPLAINED SIGHTINGS

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awareness of security measures near such locations. On the other hand, there had been no sightings in the vicinity of sensitive related AE establishments while there were occasionally multiple cases of unexplained sightings in non-strategic areas. Furthermore, there appeared to be no logical relationship to population centers. The Panel could find no ready explanation for these clusters. It was noted, however, that if terrestrial artifacts were to be observed it would be likely that they would be seen first near foreign areas rather than central U. S.

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# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## INSTRUMENTATION TO OBTAIN DATA (cont.)

of the sky is now--and has been for many years--under surveillance every clear night in several meteor and aurora observing programs as well as sky mapping programs at the various locations listed below. Although the attention of these astronomers is largely directed toward identified rather than unidentified objects, no case of any striking unidentified object is known to Dr. Page or Dr. Hynek. Such an object would most certainly be reported if found on patrol plates.

A case was cited where an astronomer refused to interrupt his exposure in order to photograph an alleged sighting in a different part of the sky. This led Dr. Hynek to say that, if a program of watching could be an adjunct of planned astronomical programs, little cost would be involved and that the trained astronomical personnel might photograph a sighting of an unidentified object.

The location of some of these programs and their directors are believed to be:

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It was agreed by the Panel that no government-sponsored program of optical nation-wide sky patrol is worthwhile at the present time, and that the encouragement of amateur astronomers to undertake such a program might have the adverse effect of over-emphasizing "flying saucer" stories in the public mind. However, the issue of radar 'scope cameras for recording peculiar radar echoes would serve several pur- poses, including the better understanding of radar interference as well as identification of U.F.O.'s.

# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## RADAR PROBLEM OF MUTUAL INTERFERENCE

This characteristic problem of radar operation wherein the pulse signal (of approximately the same frequency) from station A may be picked up on the screen of station B and show as a high-speed track or series of dots was recognized to have probably caused a mumber of U.F.O. reports. This problem was underlined by information received indicating ADC concern in solving this problem of signal identification before service use of very high-speed aircraft or guided missiles (1955-1956). Dr. Berkner believed that one answer to this problem was the use of a "doppler filter" in the receiving circuit. Dr. Alvarez suggested that the problem might be better solved by the use of a "controlled jitter" wherein the operator receiving "very fast tracks" (on the order of 1000- 10,000 m.p.h.) would operate a circuit which would alter slightly his station's pulse frequency rate. If the signal received on the screen had been caused by mutual interference with another station, the track would now show itself at a different distance

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from the center of the screen, if it still appeared at all. Dr. Alvarez felt much a technical solution was simpler and would cost much less than a "doppler filter".

## UNEXPLAINED COSMIC RAY PHENOMENA

Two reported cases were examined: one at Palomar Mountain, California, in October 1949, when cosmic ray counters went "off scale for a few seconds", apparently while a "y" of flying saucers was observed visually; and two, a series of observations by the "Los Alamos Bird Watchers Association" from August 1950 to January 1951, when cosmic ray coincidence counters behaved queerly. Circuit diagrams and records were available for the latter, and Dr. Alvarez was able quickly to point out that the recorded data were undoubtedly due to instrumental effects that would have been recognized as such by more experienced observers.

The implication that radioactive effects were correlated with unidentified flying objects in these two cases was, therefore, rejected by the Panel.

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levels in such education from enlisted personnel to command and research parsonnel. Relative emphasis and degree of explanation of different programs would correspond to the categories of duty (e.g., radar operators; pilots; control tower operators; Ground Observer Corps personnel; and officers and enlisted men in other categories.) This training should result in a marked reduction in reports caused by misidentification and resultant confusion,

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# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM (cont.)

Mars", (a study in the psychology of panic, written about the famous Orson Welles radio broadcast in 1938) and has since performed advanced laboratory studies in the field of perception. The names of Don Marquis (University of Michigan) and Leo Rosten were mentioned as possibly suitable as consultant psychologists. Also, someone familiar with mass communication techniques, perhaps an advertising expert, would be helpful. Arthur Godfrey was mentioned as possibly a valuable channel of communication reaching a mass audience of certain levels. Dr. Berkner suggested the U. S. Navy (OMR) Special Devices Center, Sands Point, L. I., as a potentially valuable organization to assist in such an educational program. The teaching techniques used by this agency for aircraft identification during the past war was cited as an example of a similar educational task. The Jam Handy Co. which made World War II training films (motion picture and slide strips) was also suggested, as well as Walt Disney, Inc. animated cartoons. Dr. Hynek suggested that the amateur astronomers in the U. S. might be a potential source of enthusi astic talent to spread the gospel". It was believed that business clubs, high schools, colleges, and television stations would all be pleased to cooperate in the showing of documentary type motion pictures if prepared in an interesting manner. The use of true cases showing first the "mystery" and then the "explanation" would be forceful.

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historical cases but the current ones. Recent cases are probably much more susceptible to explanation than older ones; first, because of ATIC's experience and, secondly, their knowledge of most plausible explanations. The Panel believed that some expansion of the ATIC effort would certainly be required to support such a program. It was believed inappropriate to state exactly how large a Table of Organization would be required. Captain Ruppelt of ATIC unofficially proposed, for purposes of analyzing and evaluating reportss

8. An analysts' panel of four officers

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would be the photographing of "pillow balloons" at different distances under similar weather conditions at the site.

# PART II: COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANEL (cont.)

## EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM (cont.)

The help of one or two psychologists and writers and a subcontractor to produce training films would be necessary in addition, The Panel considered that ATIC's efforts, temporarily expanded as necessary, could be most useful in implementing any action taken as a result of its recommendations. Experience and records in ATIC would be of value in both the public educational and service training program envisaged. Dr. Robertson at least was of the opinion that after public gullibility lessened and the service organizations, such as ADC, had been trained to sift out the more readily explained spurious sightings, there would still be a role for a very modest-sized ATIC section to cope with the residuum of items of possible scientific intelligence value. This section should concentrate on energetically following up (perhaps on the advice of qualified Air Force Scientific Advisory Board members) those cases which seemed to indicate the evidence of unconventional enemy artifacts. Reports of such artifacts would be expected to srise mainly from Western outposts in far closer proximity to the Iron Curtain than Iubbock, Texas!

UNOFFICIAL INVESTIGATING GROUPS

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great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should occur.

The apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups

for subversive purposes should be kept in mind.

INCREASE IN NUMBER OF SIGHTINGS

The consensus of the Panel was, based upon the history of the subject, that the mmber of sightings could be reasonably expested to increase again this summer.

F. G. DURANT III

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240

[page 36]
ER-3-3971

scientific entilli

Flying Saucers.

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ER-3-3971

SECURITY INFORMATION

# RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

4 November 1952

MEMORANDUM FOR CHAIRMAN, RDB

SUBJECT: Radar Phantoms

С 2005

# RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD (cont.)

1. At our conference here the other day with Mr. Becker, Mr.Clark and General Samford, it was agreed that we would evaluate the radar phantoms from the viewpoint of the seriousness of the problem to the Air Defense Command.

2. Inquiries made to the appropriate sections of the Air Staff did not disclose any undue concern over the phantoms. I believe that this is because in war and in peace the problem of identifying the vast number of aircraft tracks seen by the Air Defense radars is a confusing factor of much greater magnitude. However, to make sure that we are not over- looking any important considerations, the Air Force has asked the Air Defense Command to study this problem and make recommendations.

3. This, then, is an interin report to you, because it may be several weeks before the answer arrives from the Air Defense Command.

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13 October 1952

MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director (Intelligence)

SUBJECT:

Flying Saucers

# RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD (cont.)

1. Flying unidentified objects (Flying Saucers) have been the subject of Air Force observation and analysis because of the possibility that such objects might conceivably be an attack on the U.S. If they are not, it is conceivable that the enemy might take advantage of the confusion created by the by the Flying Saucers to use at his convenience some air weapon against the United States.

2. Thus far Defense Department conducted research in this area has been confined to the effort by A-2 through ATIC with the result that an explanation has been provided on all but 20 per cent of the total 1500 reported sightings of Flying Saucers.

# RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD (cont.)

3. Determination of the scientific capabilities of the USSR to create and control Flying Saucers as a weapon against the United States is a primary concern of the CIA/OSI. Its review of existing information does not lead to the conclusion that the saucers are USSR created or controlled. It is the view of OSI that collection of intelligence information on the capabilities of the USSR to produce, launch, and control Flying Saucers and the analysis of such data as might be collected cannot be very effective until there is adequate fundamental seientific research launched to clarify the nature and causes of Flying Saucers and to devise means whereby they might be instantly identified.

- 4 The major scientific intelligence problems in respect to Saucers are:

	a. What is the present level of Soviet knowledge regarding
these phenomena?and

	b. What are possible Soviet capabilities to utilize these phenomena to the detriment of US security interests?

	C. What effect do flying saucers have on our warning
system.

This document has been
approved for release through
the HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM of
the Central Intelligence Agency.

Date 7 JUN 91
ZRP 89-2

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## 5. Conclusions:

a. The instigation of fundamental scientific research in the primary responsibility of the Defense Department.
after IAC
[Ademawu: Thomas]

b. The DCI should dispatch to Secretary Lovett along the lines of the attached. The cover sheet explaining to the IAC why the proposed letter is submitted is also attached. (We should discuss this draft & the idea with A-2 before IAC)

It is far too early in view of the present state of our knowledge regarding Flying Saucers for psychological warfare planners to start planning how the United States might use U.S. Flying Saucers against the enemy.

a. When intelligence has submitted the National Estimate on Flying Saucers there will be the time and basis for a public policy to reduce or restrain mass hysteria.

JAMES Q. RUBER
Assistant Director
Intelligence Coordination

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DECLASSIFIED
Authority NND917075
By <signature> NARA Date 2/31/97

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DRAFT COVER SHEET

# INTELLIGENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

# Flying Unidentified Objects (Flying Saucers)

[alternatively: the rest

1. Attached is a proposed letter to Secretary Lovett, DCI recommending the initiation of fundamental scientific research with respect to the nature and causes of unidentified flying objects (Flying Saucers).

2. While it is recognized that the implications of Flying Saucers are of primary concern to the Defense Department in carrying out its responsibility to defend the United States, it is also believed that intelligence must request of appropriate authority such assistance as it needs to carry out its responsibility. It is believed that the scientific research required and the intelligence research contingent thereon can be most fruitful if they go hand in hand.

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DRAFT LETTER

SECR
Securi

MEMORANDUM FOR: Secretary of Defense [alternatively: The NSC]

SUBJE Unidentified Flying Objects (Flying Saucers)

# Flying Unidentified Objects (Flying Saucers) (cont.)

## 3. Recommendations: (cont.)

1. The IAC has reviewed the current situation concerning unidentified flying objects which have caused extensive speculation in the press and have been the subject of concern to Government organizations. The Air Force, within the limitations of manpower which could be devoted to the subject, has thus far carried the full responsibility for investigating and analyzing individual reports of sightings. Since 1947, approximately 1500 official reports of sightings have been received and, of these, about 20% are as yet unexplained.

2. It is my view and that of the IAC that this situation has possible implications for our national security with respect to the vulnerability of the U.S. to air attack. Intelligence, however, cannot discharge its responsibilities with regard to estimating the capabilities of an enemy to create and use such phenomena against the U.S. unless we first determine through scientific research whether or not such phenomena can in fact be generated and controlled by humans.

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# ACCESS RESTRICTED

DOCUMENT NO. 400169
DATED 17 JAN 53

HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN FROM THIS FILE AND IS LOCATED IN:

HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN FROM THIS FILE AND IS LOCATED IN:

CIA JOB NO. 84T00286R
BOX NO. 4
FOLDER NO. HS/HC 475 (10)

25 pp - Report & attached mems

DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL NOTICE

THIS IT EM HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN BECAUSE IT CONTAI NS SECURI TY CLASSIFI ED INFORMATION OR OTHERWISE RESTRI CTED INFORMATION.

NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947
CIA ACT OF 1949 AS AMENDED
AUTHORITY

8-90 4409 FORM