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| MAIL CODE | MAIL CODE | NAME | Action | | |-|-|-|-|-| | MAIL CODE | MAIL CODE | NAME | Approval | | | | | Recordo | Call Me | | | | | Recordo | Concurrence | | | | | Recordo | File | | | | | Recordo | Information | | | | | | Investigate and Advise | | | | | | Note and Forward | | | | | | Note and Return. | | | | | | Per Request | | | | | | Per Telephone Conversation | | | | | | Recommendation | | | | | | See Me | | | | | | Signature | | | | | | Circulate and Destroy | |
Source text
Document text
[page 1]
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
## ROUTING SLIP
| MAIL CODE | MAIL CODE | NAME | Action | |
|-|-|-|-|-|
| MAIL CODE | MAIL CODE | NAME | Approval | |
| | | Recordo | Call Me | |
| | | Recordo | Concurrence | |
| | | Recordo | File | |
| | | Recordo | Information | |
| | | | Investigate and Advise | |
| | | | Note and Forward | |
| | | | Note and Return. | |
| | | | Per Request | |
| | | | Per Telephone Conversation | |
| | | | Recommendation | |
| | | | See Me | |
| | | | Signature | |
| | | | Circulate and Destroy | |
Memos for photgraphic
release from Gemini 4,
Hg to MSC + vice versa
(Silmo)
[page 2]
Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
## MEMORANDUM
June 1, 1965
To A/Administrator
From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities
Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report.
George E. Mueller
Enclosure:
MOR No. 913-65-04
Change 1
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
[page 3]
M-913-65-04
# ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES
Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission:
1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects.
2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without a spacecraft tether on future missions.
3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This activity wil I provide valuable early information and maneuvering procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle have been insta Iled on the booster second stage for this test.
# ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES (cont.)
The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The first two orbits wil I be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity. This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii, at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a release command. Upon command, White wi II push off slowly and reorient himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension Island on the start of the third orbit.
[page 4]
M-913-65-04
# ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES (cont.)
will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence. The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle above the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the star background and with respect to the spacecraft in ertia l platform display, the crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the late r al component of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure. The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit.
# ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES (cont.)
M-913-65-04
Figure 1 depicts the
principal physical
differences between
the old G3C suit
and the new EVA
G4C suit. Figure
2 shows that with
one visor down on
the new G4C helmet,
there is practically
no attenutation of
light entering, whereas
Figure 3 shows that
Iwith two of the visors
down there is a
noticeable difference
in the amount of
light that enters the
astronaut's eyes.
With the third visor
down, there would
be a similar decrease
in the amount of
light allowed to enter
the helmet.
The multivarious layers
of materials used in
the EVA G4C suits
are delineated in
Figure 4. It should
be noted that the old
G3C suit consisted
only of the pressure
and restraint layers
of Figure 4 with the
HT-1 nylon outer
protective layer.
The EVA spacesuit
has received the
following qualifi-
cation tests:
[page 6]
M-913-65-04
# G-4C
OVERVISOR
SPACE
HELMET
FIG. 3
# G-4C
OVERVISOR
SPACE
HELMET (cont.)
## G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT
[page 7]
M-913-65-04
a. Leakage
b. Proof pressure
C. 02 compatibility
d. Ejection envelope
e. Cold temperature
f. Rapid decompression
g. Life cycling
h. Visor testing
Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving.
It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA.
The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography.
[page 8]
Mission Operation Report
No. M-913-65-04
## MEMORANDUM
May 24, 1965
Το A/Administrator
From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4)
GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after 3 June 1965. This wi11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days.
[page 9]
Report No. M-913-65-04
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## FOREWORD
MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles.
Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10.
Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen
eral Management and they are not available for additional or general distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions which are available for general distribution.
Published and Distributed
by
OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS
OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D. C. 20546
[page 11]
M-913-65-04
| Component | Length (Ft) |
|---|---|
| Rendezvous guidance & recovery system (Topmost section) | 11 |
| Re-entry capsule | 8 |
| Adapter section | 18.6 |
| Oxidizer tank (Upper) | 27 |
| Fuel tank (Upper) | 10 |
| Oxidizer tank (Lower) | 70.65 |
| Fuel tank (Lower) | 108 (Total length including stage I) |
**Equipment bay contains:**
* Batteries
* Malfunction detection system (MDS) units
* Range safety command control system
* Programmer
* Three-axis reference system (TARS)
* Radio guidance system (RGS)
* Autopilot
* Instrumentation and telemetry system
FIG. 1
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## GENERAL
Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to develop long-durationand rendezvous capability, docking techniques, extra-vehicularactivities, and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability; spacecraftstructural integrity; and spacecraft systems performance and crewaccommodation qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is intended to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period offour days, the longest ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle is depicted in Figure 1.
## MISSION OBJECTIVES
## PRIMARY
- Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period exceeding four days.
- Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to the space environment on the two-man flight crew in preparation for missions of longer duration.
[page 12]
M-913-65-04
• MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer
- MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
- MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos
- S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography
• S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography
UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## SECONDARY (cont.)
One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew. Another highly interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time will be from the Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four- day mission. Crew control of reentry will be accomplished by tracking the roll needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3. The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on GT-3 has the following new features: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate a mission before orbital insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program. In that program, the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad,
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## SECONDARY (cont.)
would have been large enough to
engulf an ejecting astronaut, so it was necessary to add an escape rocket to lift the entire spacecraft free of the area. The GLV, on the other hand, uses self-igniting fuels which, upon mixing, create a fireball small enough so that the astronauts can eject from the spacecraft in much the same man- ner as is done in today's high performance jet aircraft. This is called the Mode I abort pro- cedure. The three abort modes are more fully defined by the altitude and elapsed time-after- launch parameters depicted on Figure 2.
[page 13]
M-931-65-04
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting anAir Force Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18 feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10feet. The gross loaded weight of the two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000pounds. The various systems of the GLV have been detailedin previous Gemini MOR 1s and what follows is additional information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to provide increased fire protection. SixteenT/M readout points have been removed from the GLV because theyare no longer required and one range safety circuit has been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch control. This circuitwill prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset signalsare inadvertentlyapplied during checkout.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## TABLE I
PROJECT COST
(In Millions)
| | FY 62 | FY 63 | FY 64 | FY 65 | FY 66 | FY 67 | Total |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| Spacecraft | 30.3 | 205. 1 | 280.5 | 165.3 | 122.7 | 19. 1 | 823.0 |
| Launch Vehicle | 24.4 | 79. 1 | 122.7 | 115.4 | 88.6 | 8.5 | 438.7 |
| Operational <br />Support | 0 1 | 4.9 | 15. 7 | 27.7 | 30.8 | 13.0 | 92.2 |
| Total RD & 0 | 54.8 | 289. 1 | 418.9 | 308.4 | 242. 1 | 40.6 | 1353.9 |
This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment.
## SPACECRAFT
The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter
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[page 14]
M-913-65-04
batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811 package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed. The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi11 be dumped directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed.
[page 15]
M-913-65-04
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
2. D-6, Surface Photography
This experiment will investigate
the technical problems associated
with an astronaut's ability to
acquire, track, and photograph
terrestrial objects from a space-
craft with more elaborate photo-
optical equipment than that used
previously. The astronaut will
photograph selected series of
objects during day-side and
night-side intervals of the flight
using specified lens-film combi-
nations. The resulting data will
be used to evaluate the astronaut's
ability to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the
spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the
camera mount installed on the
spacecraft window.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft
Data from this experiment will be
used to supplement external radi-
ation measurements in studying
the dose levels within the space-
craft resulting from passes through
regions of varying radiation
intensity. Two tissue-equivalent,
current-mode ionization chambers
will be used to measure the
variation of absorbed dose-rate
inside the spacecraft. Five
small packets containing radia-
tion detection and measurement
devices will be placed at
various locations in the cabin
to ascertain their suitability as
convenient dosimeters of space
radiation and measure total
accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows
some of the equipment to be used
for this experiment.
FIG. 4
[page 16]
M-913-65-04
4. D-9, Simple Navigation
This experiment is designed to
develop and test navigation pro-
cedures which employ a simple
stadimetric device and a sextant
to make sightings and measurements
in space using the horizon and
stars as references. Data from
sightings will be used in compu-
tations to determine orbital
parameters. These results will
be compared with actual
parameters to determine the
accuracy of the procedures.
The hand held sextant to be used
is shown in Figure 6.
FIG. 6
[page 17]
M-913-65-04
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram
The purpose of this experiment is
to measure the fatigue-stage of an
astronaut's heart muscle during a
long-duration flight. A microphone
will be applied to an astronaut's
chest wall at the cardiac apex.
Heart sounds detected during the
flight will be recorded on an on-
board biomedical recorder. The
sound trace will be compared to
the waveform obtained from a
simultaneous inflight electro-
cardiogram to determine the time
interval between electrical
activation of the heart muscle
and the onset of ventricular
systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the
method of installation of the phono-
cardiogram transducer.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
FIG. 8
[page 18]
M-913-65-04
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge
Before rendezvous missions are
attempted, an investigation
must be made of the possibility
of inadvertent ignition of
pyrotechnics and other detri-
mental effects due to discharge
of electrostatic charge potentials
during rendezvous. In this
experiment, an electrostatic-
potential meter, which protrudes
through the wall of the space-
craft adapter assembly, will be
used to detect and measure any
accumulated electrostatic charge
that may be created on the
surface of the spacecraft by
ionization from engine exhaust.
This data will be analyzed to
determine if the charge is adequate
to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig-
ure 10 shows the detector installation.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
**MSC-1 Electrostatic Charge**
This document describes an experiment to investigate the potential hazard of electrostatic charge discharge during spacecraft rendezvous missions. An electrostatic potential meter will be used to measure accumulated charge on the spacecraft's surface, which may be caused by engine exhaust ionization. The data will be analyzed to determine if the charge poses a rendezvous hazard. Figure 10 shows the detector installation.
FIG. 10
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
M-913-65-04
10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer
In this experiment, the
direction and magnitude
of the earth's magnetic
field with respect to the
spacecraft will be measured.
A tri-axis fluxgate magneto-
meter, mounted in the adapter
assembly of the spacecraft will
be used. The equipment installa-
tion is shown in Figure 12.
FIG. 12
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## EXPERIMENTS (cont.)
11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's
Limb Photos
The astronaut will obtain photo- graphs of the earth's limb using a hand-held camera, black and white film, and a special filter mosaic which will allow each picture to be taken partly through a red filter and partly through a blue filter. After the flight, the negative will be subjected to careful measure- ments, and the resulting data I will be used in statistical analyses to evaluate the limb radiance. These studies will be used to determine if the sun-lit earth's limit can be reliably observed in the short- visible or near-ultraviolet spectral region. The camera to be used for this experiment is shown in Figure 13.
FIG. 13
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[page 20]
M-913-65-04
12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain
Photography
The objective of this experi-
ment is to obtain high quality
photographs of selected parts
of the earth's surface. The
spacecraft will be manually.
oriented from an orbit mode
attitude to a moderately high
camera depression angle attitude.
After a series of photographs
has been taken, the spacecraft
will be reoriented to the orbit
mode attitude. Four spacecraft
orientation maneuvers will be
required during which approxi-
mately 40 pictures will be
taken over areas of the
United States. Figure 14 shows
one of the photos taken by Gordon
Cooper which is similar to the
terrain photographs planned.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. S-5
SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY
PURPOSE
OBTAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGRAPHS
OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE
EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM
WEIGHT 1 LB.
VOLUME 0.036 CU. FT.
PROCEDURE POSITION SPACECRAFT, TAKE
PICTURES
LOCATION PRESSURIZED CABIN
PHOTOGRAPH OF THE HIMALAYAS IN THE INDIA, NEPAL, TIBET BORDER AREA, TAKEN BY ASTRONAUT L. GORDON COOPER, JR., DURING HIS 22-ORBIT MA-9 MISSION.
NGÀ-1768
FIG. 14
[page 21]
M-913-65-04
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## ASTRONAUTS
The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivittand the Pilot will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman as Command Pilotand JamesA. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their picturesand biographies follow:
FIG. 16
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## ASTRONAUTS (cont.)
FIG. 17
JAMES A. MCDIVITT
Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the University ofMichigan with a B. S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is marr ied to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohioand has three children. McDivitt joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three Distinguished Flying Crosses, five AirMedals and the Choo Moo Medal from South Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Experimental Test Pilot School and the United StatesAir Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivi tt has logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including 2,500hours in jetaircraft.
McDivitt was selectedas an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal Iastronaut training program he has had additional specialized duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as wel I as monitoring the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules.
[page 22]
M-913-65-04
'
the University ofMichigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, anAir Force Major, received flight training in Florida andTexas, following his graduation from West Point. He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft. White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in September 1962.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## FRANK BORMAN
Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re
ceived his B.S. from the United StatesMilitaryAcademy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. He is married to the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has two sons.
Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air
Force Major, chose an Air Force careerand received his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in the United States and in the Philippinesand was an instructorof thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at the U.S. MilitaryAcademy, West Point. He was graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School in 1960 and laterserved there asan instructor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief ings on the theory and practice ofspacecraft testing. Borman has logged more than 4,400hours flying time, including more than 3,600hours in jetaircraft. Borman was one ofthe nine astronauts named by NASA in September l 962.
JAMES A. LOVELL, JR.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## FRANK BORMAN (cont.)
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He
received his B.S. from the United States Naval Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn Gerlach ofMilwaukee, Wisconsin and has three children.
FIG. 18
flight training following his graduation from Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval
Love II, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received
5/24/65
FIG. 19
[page 23]
M-913-65-04
aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft.
Love II was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program, he has been assigned special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery.
TRAJECTORY
The launch trajectory
for the GT-4 mission
will be similar to that
flown by GT-3. In-
sertion will be at the same
altitude, 87 miles, but
the first apogee of GT-4
will be 161 miles. The
Gemini launch sequence
is shown in Figure 20.
# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## FLIGHT PLAN
In addition to the various
orbital maneuvers to be
performed during the mis-
sion, as called out in
Table II, other activities
will be taking place as
is shown below in Table
III, a summarization of
the Flight Plan. The
consumable items loaded
onboard the spacecraft
are shown in Table IV.
FIG. 20
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[page 24]
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# MISSION OPERATION REPORT (cont.)
## FLIGHT PLAN (cont.)
| MANEUVER | ~v | HP/HA <br />AFTER <br />MANEUVERS | POINT OF <br />APPLICATION | DIRECTION <br />OF THRUST | TRANSLA-<br />TIONAL <br />THRUSTER | PURPOSE |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| Sepa ra tion | l0FPS | 87/161 N.M. | SECO+2- | FWD | AFT | S/ C-Booster Separation |
| 1 | ?FPS | 91/161 N.M. | 2d Apogee | FWD | FWD | Adjust lifetime {for insertion dispersions. <br />Ev alua te thruster operation. |
| 2A | 12FPS | | Apogee of <br />30th Rev. | FWD | Left | Ad just Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation . |
| +TSC #1 | 5FPS | | Approx. 15min<br />af ter 2A | Left | Right | Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual <br />characteristics of thruster plume . |
| TSC #2 | 5FPS | | 5 min. af ter <br />TSC #1 | Down | Up | Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual<br />characterist ics of thrust erplume. |
| TSC #3 | 5FPS | | 5 min after<br />TSC #2 | Up | Down | Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual<br />characteristics of thruster plume. |
| 28 | 27FPS | 94 / 134 N.M. | Perigee <br />fol lowing 2A | AFT | AFT | Adjus t lifetime. Evaluate 3-axis <br />application. |
| 3A | 4FPS | | Apogee of <br />45th Rev . | FWD | FWD | Adjust Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. |
| 3B | 6FPS | 93/ 124 N.M. | Perigee <br />following | AFT | FWD | Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. |
| 4 | 1 l0FPS | 45/99 <br />(45/97)* | 62d Rev.<br />{or 66th Rev. )* | AFT | AFT | Achieve OAMS retrofire. Evaluate thruster <br />operation. |
[page 25]
M-913-65-04
## TABLE III
# IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES
| Time<br />HRS: MIN | Revolution<br />No. | EVENT | Function | Function | Day | Night |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| Time<br />HRS: MIN | Revolution<br />No. | EVENT | CP | P | Day | Night |
| 0:12 | 1 | Insertion Checklist | | xx | | |
| 1:45 | 2 | D-9 Experiment | | | | |
| | | Translation Maneuver | XXXX | | XXXX | |
| 4:35 | 3-4 | D-6 Experiment | | | | |
| 7:45 | 5-6 | MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments<br />M-3 Experiment | | [x] XXXX | | [x] xxlxx |
| 11:15 | 7-8 | MSC-2 and 3 Experiments | × | | | |
| 13:05 | 9 | D-8 Experiment<br />D-9 Experiment | × | | | |
| 17:05 | 11 | D-1 Experiment | × | | | × |
| 19:52 | 13-14 a=22 | M-3 Experiment | × | [x] XXX | | |
| 24:00 | 16 | S-5 Experiment | × | | | |
| 25:58 | 17-18 | HF Communication Tests | X | | X | [x] ✗<br />✗<br /><br />[x] |
| 29:25 | 19 | D-9 Experiment | | | | [x] ✗<br />✗<br /><br />[x] |
| 31:20 | 20 | S-6 Experiment | | | | [x] ✗<br />✗<br /><br />[x] |
| 31:40 | 21 | MSC-2 & #Experiments | | | | [x] ✗<br />✗<br /><br />[x] |
| | | D-8 Experiment | | [x] | XXXX | [x] ✗<br />✗<br /><br />[x] |
| 33:20 | 2 22 | D-8 Experiment | | | | [x] ✗<br />✗<br /><br />[x] |
| | | S-6 Experiment | | | | ✗ |
| 43:00 | 28 | S-6 Experiment | | XXXXXXXXX | | |
| | 22 | S-5 Experiment | | | XX | |
| 44:25 | 29 | S-6 Experiment | | | | [x] |
| | | M-3 Experiment | | | | x |
| 46:48 | 30 | MSC-1 Experiment | | [x] ✗ | X | [x] |
| | | Translation Maneuvers | | ✗ | | ✗ |
| 47:33 | 31 | Translation Maneuvers | | | ✗ | |
| | | Thruster Failure Check | XXX | | | xx |
| | | Power Down S/C | | X | | [x] [x] |
| | | S-5 Experiment | | | | [ ] |
| | | S-6 Experiment | | | | |
| 52:30 | 33-34 33 | M-3 Experiment | | | | |
| 54:35 | 35 | D-9 Experiment | | [x] XXXX | XXXXXX | [x] ལ |
| | | MSC-2 & 3 Experiments | | | | |
| 56:35 | 36-37 | S-6 Experiment | | | | |
| | 41 | D-9 Experiment | | | | × ✗ |
| 70:26 | 46 | Translation Maneuvers | XX | | | ☑ |
| | | M-3 Experiment | | | | |
| | | Apollo Yaw Orientation | | | × | |
| | | Power Down S/C | [x] XX | [x] XXXXXXXX | | [x] XX |
| 76:30 | 49 | M-3 Experiment | | | | |
| 77:20 | 50 | D-9 Experiment | | | | [x] ✗ |
| 90:45 | 58 88 | Power Down S/C | ☑ | | XXXXX | |
| 95:45 | 61 | M-3 Experiment | | | | |
| 96-35 | 62 | Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes | X | | | |
| | | Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist | | | | |
| 97:32 | | Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro<br />Checklist | [x] | [x] | × | [x] |
| 97:46 | 63 | Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot<br />Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy,<br />Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown,<br />Post-Landing Checklist | X | X | ☑ | |
[page 26]
M-913-65-03
# IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES (cont.)
## TABLE IV
GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS
| ITEM | QUANTITY | REMARKS |
|-|-|-|
| Batteries | 703 I bs. based | Each battery has a |
| | on a 2400A-h | 400A-h capacity |
| OAMS Propel I ants | | |
| Odixizer | 246 lbs | |
| Fuel | 164 lbs | |
| Oxygen | | |
| Primary | 52 lbs | Egress bottle are also |
| Secondary | 13 lbs | carried if ejection is <br />required. |
| Lithium Hydroxide | 97 lbs | |
| Food | lb lbs | |
| Drinking Water | | |
| Spacecraft | 14 lbs | |
| Adapter | 61 lbs | |
| RCS Propellants | | |
| O x idize r | 40. 4 lbs | |
| Fuel | 3l.61bs | |
[page 27]
M-913-65-03
# MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY
The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period.
| TITLE | NAME | ORGANIZATION |
|-|-|-|
| Program Director (Acting) | Dr. G . E. Mueller | NASA Headquarters |
| Deputy Program Director | Mr. W.C. Schneider | NASA Headquarters |
| Program Manager | Mr. C. W. Mathews | MSC |
| Mission Director | Mr. C.C. Kraft | MSC |
I
# MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY (cont.)
| TRACKING & DATA <br />ACQUISITION | SPACECRAFT | LAUNCH VEHICLE |
|-|-|-|
| MSC | MSC | MSC |
| GSFC | McDonnell Aircraft Co. | SSD |
| ETR | | Aerospace Corporation<br />Martin Company<br />Aerojet General |
OPE RATIONS ORGAN IZATION FOR MISS ION PERIOD
# MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY (cont.)
| Top Level | Second Level | Third Level | Fourth Level |
| :----------------- | :------------------------ | :--------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| MISSION DIRECTOR | Gemini Program Manager | Deputy for Launch Operations | GLV Launch Director, Atlas/Agena Launch Director |
| | | Deputy for Flight Operations | Flight Crew Director, S/C Communicator, Flight Control |
| | | | Medical Director, Public Affairs Director |
| | | | Flight Crew |
| | | | Medical Monitor |
| | | | Recovery Support Officer |
| | | | Flight Support Officer |
| | DOD Mgr for MSF Support Operations | DOD Recovery Director | |
| Staff | | | Gemini Flight Ops Rep Requirements Coordinator, Security Officer, Meteorological. Group |
| | | | Gemini S/C Test Conductor |
[page 28]
M-913-65-04
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
The ground support network for GT-4 wi11 be the Gemini Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will be , however, some minor modifications to the MSFN for the GT- 4 miss ion. These change s for the GT-4 flight are prima rily in locating the range t racking ships in positions most advantageous fo r the orbits to be flown .
TABLE V NETWORK REQUIREMENTS FOR GT-4
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
| Network<br />Ground Station | Code | Tracking | Tracking | Tracking | Telemetry | Telemetry | Telemetry | Telemetry | Telemetry | Telemetry | Command | Command | A/G<br />voice | A/G<br />voice | Flight<br />Controller<br />Manned<br />Sites |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| Network<br />Ground Station | Code | Radar | Mistram | Acq. aid | Gemini launch<br />vehicle | Gemini launch<br />vehicle | Spacecraft | Spacecraft | Spacecraft | Spacecraft | Command | Command | A/G<br />voice | A/G<br />voice | Flight<br />Controller<br />Manned<br />Sites |
| Network<br />Ground Station | Code | C<br />Band | or others as listed | or others as listed | PCM | FM/FM | Links<br />received | R/T | D/T | RSDP* | DCS | Tone | UHF | HF | Flight<br />Controller<br />Manned<br />Sites |
| Merritt Island | MILA | X | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cape Kennedy/CNV/<br />Mission Control | MCC | [ ] | GE-Mod | III-G X | [x] X | Xa | 3 | [x] X | [x] X | X | [x] | [x] X | [x] X | [x] X | [x] X |
| Patrick AFB | PAFB | [x] ✗ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Grand Bahamas | GBI | [x] ✗ | | | Xb | Xa | 3 | Xb | [x] X | | Xc | Xc | Xe | Xe | [ ] |
| Grand Turk | GTI | [x] | | | | | 3 | Xb | [x] X | X | Xc | X | | | [ ] |
| Antigua | ANT | [x] X | | | | | | Xc | X | X | Xc | | | | |
| Ascension Island | ASC | [x] ✗ | | | | | | | | | | | Xe | Xe | |
| Valkaria, Fla. | VAL | [ ] | X | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Eleuthera Island | ELU | | [x] X | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Bermuda | BDA | [x] X | | X | | | 3 | хь | X | X | Xc | | Xe | Xe | |
| Canary Island | CYI | [x] X | | | | | 3 | X | X | X | X | | Χρ | ✗c | X |
| Kano Nigeria | KNO | [ ] | | | | | | Χα | [ ] | | | | X | Xc | [ ] |
| Tananarive | TAN | [ ] | | | | | | Xa | | | | | Xc | Xc | |
| Carnarvon | CRO | [x] X | | X | | | | | [x] X | X | [x] X | [ ] | Xc | Xc | ✗ |
| Canton Island | CTN | [ ] | | | | | 2 | Ха | [ ] | | | | Xc | Xc | [ ] |
| Hawaii | HAW | [x] X | | [x] ✗ | | | 3 | [x] X | [x] X | X | X | | Xc | Xc | X |
| Guaymas, Mex. | GYM | [ ] | | | | | 3 | X | X | X | | | Xc | Xc | X |
| Corpus Christi | TEX | [ ] | | | | | 3 | X X | | X | ✗ | | X | Xc | X |
| Rose Knot Victor | RKV | [ ] | | | | | 3 | X | [x] X | X | [x] X | | [x] ✗ | Y Χ | [x] X |
| Coastal Sentry | CSQ | | [ ] | X | | | 3 | X | [x] | X | [x] X | | [x] | [x] x | X |
| Range Tracker | RTK | [x] | | X | | | 2 | Χα | | | | | [x] Xc | Xc | [ ] |
| Pt Arguello, Cal | CAL | [x] ✗ | [ ] | | | | | | | | | | [x] Xc | [x] Хо | [ ] |
| White Sands, NM | WHS | [x] X | [ ] | [x] | [ ] | | | | | | | | [ ] | [ ] | |
| Eglin AFB | EGL | [x] X | [ ] | [x] | | | | | | | | | | [ ] | |
| MSC, Houston | MCC | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | | | | | | [x] X | | [ ] | [ ] | X |
| Telemetry Aircraft | Telemetry Aircraft | (d) | [ ] | [ ] | | | | | | | | | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |
[page 30]
M-913-65-04
## BACKGROUND
Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become:
a. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen days
b. Rendezvous and maneuver in space
C. Docking with a target vehicle
d. Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts
e. Controlled reentry
f. Operational training for all flight personnel concerned
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
## BACKGROUND (cont.)
To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration. The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI' with type of missson and approximate date of flight:
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
## BACKGROUND (cont.)
| TABLE VI | TABLE VI | TABLE VI |
|-|-|-|
| Mission No. | Mission Objectives | Date |
| GT-5 | Seven-day flight with experiments* | Latter 1965 |
| GTA-6 | Radar rendezvous and docking | Early 1966 |
| GT-7 | 14-day Extra-vehicularactivities | Early 1966 |
| GTA-8 | Optical rendezvous and docking | Early 1966 |
| GTA-9 | Simultaneous countdown and <br />rendezvous | Mid 1966 |
| GTA-10 | Direct rendezvous | Mid 1966 |
| GTA-11 | Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation | Late 1966 |
| GTA-12 | Apollo-LEM abortsimulation | Early 1967 |
*Includes rendezvous evaluation pod
[page 31]
M-913-65-04
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
## GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES, RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
## GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES, RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES (cont.)
FIG. 23
of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen, and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to
the bases shown in Figure 23.
It should be noted that there
are numerous types of aircraft
in the launch area and primary
landing area for telemetry,
weather reconnaissance, aerial
photography, and recovery
operations. In addition to
these aircraft there are also
several helicopters in the pri-
mary recovery area from the
aircraft carrier that are carry-
ing swimmers. These swimmers
deploy into the water and
attach an auxiliary flotation
collar to the spacecraft. Launch
area recovery forces are de-
picted in Figure 25.
[page 32]
M-913-65-04
FIG. 25
5/24/65
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
## NASA ROUTING SLIP
| | CODE | NAME (if ,,,msary) | | ACTION |
|-|-|-|-|-|
| | CODE | NAME (if ,,,msary) | | APPROVAi. |
| , . | | Fiesch | | CONCURRENCE |
| , . | | Fiesch | | FILE |
| 2. | | | | INFORMATION |
| 2. | | | | INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE |
| 3. | | | | NOTE ANO FOIIWAR0 |
| 3. | | | | NOTE ANO RETURN |
| 4. | | | | l'ER REQUEST |
| 4. | | | | RECOMMENDATION |
| 5. | | | | SEE ME |
| 5. | | | | SIGNATURE |
| 6. | | | | REPlY fOR SIGNATURE OF, |
| 7. | | | | |
, .
# TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION (cont.)
## NASA ROUTING SLIP
| | CODE | NAME (if necessary) | | ACTION |
|-|-|-|-|-|
| | CODE | NAME (if necessary) | | APPROVAL |
| 1. | | | | CONCURRENCE |
| 1. | | | | FILE |
| 2. | | File | | INFORMATION |
| 2. | | File | | INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE |
| 3. | | | | NOTE AND FORWARD |
| 3. | | | | NOTE AND RETURN |
| 4. | | | | PER REQUEST |
| 4. | | | | RECOMMENDATION |
| 5. | | | | SEE ME |
| 5. | | | | SIGNATURE |
| 6. | | | | REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: |
| 7. | | | | |
REMARKS:
Record & Erpts.
Delivering at MSC
ca. June 25, 1965
FROM: <empty>
CODE: <empty>
NAME: <signature>
DATE: <empty>
NASA Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) [x] [ ]
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 OF—671845
[page 35]
EX13 ROUTING SLIP
| NAME | INITIAL |
|-|-|
| N. G. FOSTER | |
| R. L. COX | |
| W. A. EATON | |
| G. C. HRABAL | |
| R. A. MOKE | |
| F. B. NEWMAN | |
| O. SMISTAD | |
| B. BROCKER | |
| M. M. MALINAK | |
| FILE | |
REMARKS
- PLG SOULD Z
Dr JOCELYN GILL
[page 36]
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5
Dunkelson:
Belt 11:
1
Dunkelman of Dution affended Roacha fill to Mercheal. 1.
Mc Diritt & white Debriefing Gecrim IV Ca. June 25, 1967
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
35 or something like that down from looking at the air glowedge on Now the air glow was discovered quite a number of years ago when it was studied from the ground the hard way and, uh, uh, by betometer (?), and by (triangulation), by trying to determine how high it was, it was many years before one had some idea how high the air glow really was, and in a moment we will indicate how in a matter of seconds Glenn and akry Carpenter was able to determine in a matter of seconds how high it was. And then he did away with 30 years of hard work. Again, there was a discovery made there, but the point was that in a few seconds from the right vantage point you can do a job. Now with the air glow then looking edge on it sort of, uh, ... we '11 ... a band we never mean by band a real perfectly designed band like in the slide or something like that, it sometimes a little fuzzy but this is the air glow band and this is the earth, and this is roughly about 90 kilometers as determined by Carpenter and by rocket passing through the air glow. Uh, this is the air glow edge on that we have heard about this morning uh, it was used in connection with the (Sextan) experiments and so on. Now I just wanted to give you some idea of where we stand in brightness. Now, uh, before attemist Glenn was to have gone off uh, the thought was to have him intimate some visual observations during whatever time he might have. And NASA head- quarters and we at Goddard h, thought about it a little bit and, uh Mary Dutin Jocelyn Murry (Drewmen) and Johnson (Gill) and myself thought perhaps a little work on their low might be a good beginning. And uh, uh, John Glenn was given a narrow, interference filter very similar to this type that was used over the (Sextant. Uh, he, he, us, did not have very much time
[page 37]
Belt 11 2
to use it, but he, uh, did, uh, have a chance to observe the air glow with the naked eye and he saw it edge on and he called it, uh . . . .
name for it at the moment and and really the first time you see a thing like that you don't know whether it haze or luminous sort%3B it does look hazy. Unfortunately, the press and other people kept that term in existence a long time, so long that a number of astronomers in Europe papers on this. Much of this haze layer was really a hazy layer and
consist, consisting of dust particles and so on. Really, what Glenn saw was air glow edge on a luminous layer. There may be a little dust there, Mamry antin Murray may have something to say about that, but the predominate feature is it is a self luminous layer. Now, Carpenter has more time to observe it. Ile took the interference filters back up with him, and uh, he was able to time a star passing through the air glow as the star was setting
and he noted it and turned it very carefully. ...
through the air
[page 38]
Belt 11
3
2 or 30 degrees below the horizon. We sometime see astronauts might be able to see that. Uh, Cooper was able to see the light, and uh,
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
White and McDivitt saw the . . . light, very well. Uh, the let's see there's another point here%3B well, we'll go back to that in a moment. The reason I think have the other designs to show what can be done. If we have time to show what can be done by extending visual observations we will do so. Uh, some of these new results, uh, that McDivitt and White were able to record are very interesting. Uh, first of all, they saw a structure in the air glow and this is the first time this is reported. In
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
Belt 11
spectacular than suns et s.
I will try to explain that in a moment if I can .
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
Uh, going to go back a moment to what Cooper, uh, what Schirra uh, saw during a twilight right after sunset. He observed, uh, the planet Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta- cular array of colors, he describes them very carefully in the report, in the blue book, his blue book, and summarys blue book too. Uh, he described a rather interesting blue band that's three blue bands; you can call Schirra's blues. Uh, ... is true and he's able to do quite well, with blues. He observed a dark blue, light blue, and a dark blue. And the word "light" is a difficult word. When one says light one doesn't know whether one means the blue was a lighter hue or it was brighter. But, it, it appears to be a light blue, and one has to use these words for what they stand. Anyway, we uh, from what these observations were is (reportedly) on to a tape and is. (debriefing) and afterwards we are all very consistent. We had an order to try to construct this thing. The first time around it needed a little correction when Schirra saw it; the second time around he was somewhat, he was quite pleased with it. We didn't quite know what this thing (band)
[page 40]
Belt 11
5
in fact complete absorbant below 3000 for solar radiation coming. does not penetrate. There is another weak band of ozone in the red, yellow, and green. . in the band uh, at, uh, distance 5000 . . .
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
4000 6000 . . . . 7000 and if by clock uh, absortion this way then a weak ozone band or something like that. And it does subtract, it does absorb a bit of the red, yellow, green and the ozone is completely transparent and the reason 500 down to 35 then it starts taking off again and then it becomes again the well known deep absorption ul, in the ultraviolet. Well, uh, there is only an equivalent of 2 milimeters or 3 milimeters 2 or 3 milimeters equivalent of ozone in the upper atmosphere that is of course, because complete (contimation) of the sun- light. However, when you look at this edge on you're looking through quite a long path and this, perhaps, this ozone does seem to this weak absorption begins becoming equal. So it does attract out a lot of red, yellow, and green light that otherwise would exist in this rarely at- mosphere, this blue atmosphere that (uses). scattered light. There's certainly a lot of red, yellow, and green in the blue sky any- WELY. And by acting that out you end up with another kind of blue, ozone blue, which looks probably differently from, different from the . . . . blue. Intel, this is what it was. We weren't sure and then yesterday, late yesterday, uh, the astronauts showed us some of the movies they were taking, they had been taking with their gun came a and uh, on the whole in some of the very spectacular sunsets, there this band appears. There's a light of blue. Again, u, they weren't that light that the coloring in the top of these. naked eye, but, uh, this is very true.
[page 41]
Belt 11
Anyway, there's a case where Schirra's visual observation has been confirmed by photography, motion picture photography. The explanation
I give may or may not be right, I don't know. I haven't had a chance to look at all the other problems. There's also a dust layer in here within this general region too around 20 kilometers which could add some scattering and . . . . the situation down by the white light too well, I don't know, it may be very complicated. So here's another situation where an observation, later confirmed by, uh, another set of astronauts doing the job by (physical) means. Uh, Cooper made some very interesting ob- servations. At night he, uh, during moonless nights, he had no trouble seeing clouds looking straight down. And this is interesting because uh, well, we know why he can see the clouds now that he says he could. It is simply that these clouds are being illuminated by the airglow. The
[page 42]
## Belt 11
7
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Belt 11 (cont.)
reasonable too, because uh, as you look in this direction you see the always the edge on air glow. But you also are looking through the air glow, as it is coming around; you're looking sort of taking two passes through the air glow instead of one, long big path and you are getting some light; and you are not getting very much light from the surface of the earth. So there is a kind of s (positive) contrast. There's a little bit of light here and up in here. Uh, McDivitt and White reported the same thing, although, MeDivitt said that when we asked him what was moon condition, he says wasn't concerned about it because he could see the earth lem all the time. Well, fine, if the moon is out it is illuminating the earth's lem and perhaps the it was a little brighter than the air glow when there is no moon the other way around. But the point is there is a line of demarkation, at night. In fact, they prefer, the thing the line of demarkation is much more firm at night than in the daytime. The daytime, day the cloud situation is uh, very difficult but there're clouds at night, too, but uh, I think, one . . . effect of (night) one is not seeing too much detail. It seems that they, they may have something to say about this. Uh, uh, I haven't had much time to think about it but, uh, they did seem to feel that this, this, situation at night was a little bit sharper in the daytiem, than in the daytime.
[page 43]
Belt 11 8
wum the air glow from the continual we may have caused people to think that there's something very magic about the green (line).
[page 44]
5577
Belt 12
1
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Belt 11 (cont.)
4477 atomic oxygen green line of the air glow from the continual we may have caused people to think that there's something very magic about the green (line). If you are starting the green line certainly you want to observe the green line. are built very carefully to observe (holding) the green line in and uh, would continue (near). But for..... applications it may not be always wise to subtract the (continuim). In other words, while you're dealing with and this is again those 4000, 7000 . . . . 23 mentioned 5577 is the green line right here. but there's a strong continuim right along here. A lot of light here;B this is the light we've been talking about. This visual night (glow) visable night glow edge on is is the total. So there's a lot of light there and just . . . . in the Sextant experiment constructively critical perhaps the reason why the . . . . didn't work too well is after one is throwing away a lot of light. Uh, this is not as bad as the case of fog lights you know. Remember years ago the fog lights were yellow. They were light wasters. There is no reason, the only reason why they worked well is they were low down so eventually the yellow. . . . disappear. But you don't want to waste any light. However, White will point out to you or . . . he did prefer using the green filter and McDivitt preferred not using the filter. So..... first to depends a lot your own method of observation. I do want to point out that one has to be very careful how one makes . . . . applications of air glow. Uh, . recall any other, uh, things, they, you weren't here yesterday; know a little bit about it.
[page 45]
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Belt 11 2
starting with Glenn who had trouble getting. Well, I really don't want to get into that too much for this reason. Finally, there will be a very fine experiment carefully planned through the .
I mean sensitivity uh, Oh, uh, uh, O. K. Well, Glenn didn't a change to get .... and therefore. he wasn't able to make the same acute observations for example, as Cooper was able to make because for example, I don't think Glenn had an oppor- tunity to really get. . . . and see very much on the daytime skies but you mean maybe, uh, that type of uh,
Well, uy, yes, uh, or even starlight. Oh, alright, fine, alright, I see what you mean. What was the (landing) orbit magnitude?
Yes.
[page 46]
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## Belt 11 (cont.)
(station) and I hope some day there will be sensitive enough to . . . . on board so that during the day side one can look and observe physically what the day air glow is. Now this is very important because here we have the orbiting. next year and very important background prob- lem. Two of the orbiting observatories . . . . are above the air glow, this air glow. But the day air glow is much higher and uh, at least, there's good evidence in the rocket measurements that it's higher and it's sort of associated with a red air glow. And, so here's our situation where an astronaut was able to subjectively note the difference between day and night in the (sky) Uh, McDivitt and White were able to see down to 7th and 8th magniture stars where as the other astronauts were not able to see so well. Again it may be a question of time (darkmentation) perhaps not that much more time but uh, they were getting down to uh, the kinds of sensitivity that uh, should be possible under, under good conditions of dull atmosphere. Uh, should we mention anything (about) the window (pane) and uh, to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear something on the window or take something off with his elbow or something. It appeared, from what we heard, that he tood something off there has been some accumulation (?) them scattering the medium on the window and we took some of it off and when it look at what he did, they have to look in, in through the window, it looked black where he lind rubbed something off, and this seems to make sense because scattered light. . . . coming in and scattering off window which had accumulation of little particles which are brought or something which would get in the light the place where he moved it and again it looked. But after all the cockpit inside is
[page 47]
Belt 12
relatively black compared to the outside. And this is true and they looked out through the window uh, there seemed to be a change. In fact,
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Belt 11 (cont.)
they have aphotograph of this (spot). talk about that. Uh, they are very uh, they say the astronauts have taken advantages of every possible opportunity to note something unusual. And he keeps all the copies. Uh, I think we can look a little bit to the future. I think we all would like to extend the . . . . range of vision and the way to do that is with image converters. This may be very practical. Uh, if one is dealing with uh, the idea of perhaps using a violet lens rather than a blue to get down to a region that is . . . . . many more comments on. You may be getting into a region where the eye is not very sensitive or not sensitive at all, yet it is a very inter- esting region to do practical navigation well, there one can use the image converter and have the eye become sensitive through an image converter to uh, (the near violet). There are many observations that have made from rockets that are hard to repeat. Uh, for example, ultraviolet aurora. We're not sure this happened but uh, two of these . . . . . in a rocket and through air and it got saturated and it turns out that it probably was a very strong ultraviolet aurora over Wallops Island. And fortunately two of the (sactometors) worked and because they were . . . to such high sensitivity but the other two were . . . . Well, uh, there was no visable counterpart of this area; there was no way of knowing it; satellites have. astronauts might be able to look around and see ultraviolet aurora. They saw this aurora in south Australia visually. Well, that's the beginning. Perhaps with image. converters they might pick up some other aurora. ultraviolet uh, is a very.... region; we don't know whether
[page 48]
Bel 12
than other kind, uh portions. Now here again an image converter will conver.... light to visable light. Uh, their observations that have been made of these nebulocities (?) which may or may not
be so, these are ultraviolet nebulocities (?) in the 1200-1300 region. Again one might have an image converter or create an image. in a matter of a moment, look at a line(?) and see if one can see this nebulocities (?). Maybe one... instrumental problem (?) we don't
know. In this type of experiment very difficult to achieve. Uh, well, I think that's about all I wanted to say uh, I am sure you'll get a much better feeling of how these observations were made and how they appeared; the astronauts when they tell you about the, when....
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Belt 11 (cont.)
The last thing on our program is the astronauts, and they've obviously been delayed so I suggest we take a coffee break while. we wait for them..... We'll cut our coffee break short. Colonel McDivitt and Colonel White have shown up here. Uh, maybe we can recount(?), take a minute and recount for them what we've done. Uh, our intent here was to have each of our experimentors go through the background of the experiment, o through the experiment, and also give some of your comments you gave to them yesterday, so
as to fill in as much background as you could. I think that the speaker (?) would appreciate, if you would, uli, gave some of your own comments and observations on each of these experiments, where you par- Licipated more than the (switch was in operation?), and, uh, give them the opportunity to ask a few questions based on the other things they talked about this morning... And I guess this morning we went through the medical experiments first... the medical experiments
[page 49]
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6
and, uh, choice as to how you..
(Actually) two hours in space. I don't think there are any questions on that. Ha, Ha.
The X-rays (?) didn't cause any significant hardships as far as the...... to flight. They made us get up what, 10 minutes earlier. Yeah.
Well, you can hack (?) that. Since there was only 4.3.(?) I guess That's most serious problems and I wanted a milkshake or something as soon as I landed and I couldn't have it. Said I couldn't have any calcium until, what, (20 hours afterwards?)
/\s far as the flight probl ms
That's a pretty safe floor (?) my heel didn't hurt at all.
Mine's all healed up.
Ha, Ha..
I didn't think you had enough shield at the moment (?) Ha, Ha.
The uh, phonocardiogram (?) like some of the other senses (?).... couple days (?) Not so that we couldn't carry on the mission. It wasn't any more bothersome than any of the other ones.
I'd been interested in, interested in knowing, uh, the...... results of them.
It hasn't come up......
Yeah.
What I'm really interested in is whether or not our motion disturbed the microphone enough so that you heard a lot of other things.....and not necessarily our heart. But we did uh, always have the band on the......
[x]
[page 50]
Belt 13
had the.....man on the tape.
The EKG?
On the biometry tape recorder.
They were arranged in such a manner that the - the phonocardio- gram by itself was not recorded on both tape recorders. It was only recorded on one tape recorder. And since we were not necessarily interested in the man who was awake, because he was moving around and you weren't going to try to get around to that anyway. Whenever one went to sleep, his biomed tape recorder was on. Most of the flight profile on the biomed.....
Do either of you talk in your sleep?
No, I don't believe so.
Jim doesn't, do it?
There were some - throughout the sleep I felt fine. I know I moved around, moved my arms and tried to get more comfortable.
I only used about half of my first three sleep periods, which.....
[page 51]
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2
we do provide extra shielding on the right side of the pilot's heel until a couple of weeks from now we will check it again out of curiosity. It is not part of the protocol or anything else.
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## That's all right. (cont.)
Belt 13
probably 4 or 5 percent below what you were when we took our pre- flights, and those were very constant, especially the first two. Well, if we are still 4 or 5 percent down, then we only went down about 8 percent.
Right.
What is the sensitivity in your method?
Well, as I pointed out this morning, it depends on the situation, but we think we are definitely within 5 percent. It we produced it on several machines many times we get much closer than that, but we are not we don't want to go out and say that we are - it varies.
What was your experience with the exercise?
[page 53]
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## That's all right. (cont.)
had a lot of, a fair amount of exercise there. Then I found I could reach everything that I needed to reach without really....myself all over the inside of the spacecraft. I managed to get all the food out which is a in a lg is a fairly difficult task, I managed to get it out without any effort whatsoever, once I got the first one off. They were all....and they were in a box right behind me and
I just I always left one hanging out. It was big enough so it wouldn't go back into the hole and it was taped all..... and I didn't have to worry about losing it, so I just reached back and find it, and I just jerked it and pretty soon the next meal would flop out, then I would take the scissors and cut that one off, with no effort whatsoever, and I anticipated that I might have to turn around and reach back in there and could do a lot of exercises that.....
Another thing that we thought might provide exercise just didn't so you had to make it. And I wasn't that I didn't feel like during a lot of exercises for exercise sake because we weren't getting all Lhe sleep that was thought we should have and I justlost the desire Lo be doing pushups or anything like that, but I did feel that I needed more exercise than I was getting.
[page 54]
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exercise, and I think I guess because - you probably might have guessed he had about 60 pulls that you were really heating yourself up a little bit under those conditions.
Well, I made the comment that 30 was kind of trivial. Right.
Then I said 60 warmed me up in the suit more than I would have liked to have been, I was kind of warm most of the time anyhow, and it just made me a little warmer. So it wasn't a real big exercise workload, the kind of exercise that you would do over in the gym.
Right. I think that some people just get a misconception of this thing - this exerciser- the fact that we call it that that we use the word exercise, that we should use the proper prospective here, what actually was taking place, which is a very short spurts of energy expenditures; yes, but not exercise like in a gym or a real good workout, of any type.
[page 55]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## That's all right. (cont.)
But, the hot air went out, went through a bunch of contraptions, and eventually came back into both of our suits again, same way that mine did. He didn't have a closed loop for himself only, and I had another closed loop. We had a closed loop that was closed - but we were part of the same mechanical unit, so that anytime the air temp- erature went up in the suit, regardless of whether Ed added the heat to it or whether I added the heat to it, it went across the heat exchanger and it was only taking out so much of the heat, so it essentially it came in a little higher temperature than it would have if he wasn't exercising. So, you can notice these small temp- erature changes.
Was the noise level associated with the cold air through the.... I think so, yes.
Probably no, but I think probably your noise in your intercom was er- was so much more than that, you probably didn't even notice it as much as you had..
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## That's all right. (cont.)
Belt 13
7
me feeling.
Did your freak electric static charge worked on electron and magno- meter, we didn't get any performance at all on those three.
First, from an instrumentation standpoint, we had the switches were acceptable, even to me, I thought Ed was asleep when we had to turn those things on, I had to reach across with this thing we call the swivel stick which is about this long and has an unusually shaped end on it that we could reach under the switches and flick them on and off with it.
Ed, did you see the.... extend?
No.
It wasn't extended? No, it wasn't extended. Did you ever see the the back end, did you get far enough back to get to look in deep enough to see it? No.
Did you hear it extend?
No. I extended it the first time but I really didn't see it. Throughout the flight, what we probably what did it cycle there, about 5 times.
Just in case that anyone time there was something wrong with it, wouldn't extend, would you attempt to extend it going through the extend cycle about or times during the flight.
Just in case something was wrong with it at any one time that it might get out to it. We never retracted it, so, it if works, then nothing could have happened.
When did you turn the switch off? The...switch.
[x] 21 21
[page 57]
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As soon as it was extended, after about 30 seconds or so. What ever it said in the flight.
30 seconds.
Have you got any data back on it yet? Seven on the computer.
Any other questions on those three? What was the cost of the photography? The weather and marine photography.
Did you skip MSC-10?
Okay, 10.
I would like to say we got some good pictures and I appreciate it. There again, it was a pretty straight forward experiment. We didn't have any difficulty with it.
I've got a couple of questions about the ES5. A couple of things that came up last night. You said - you know the systematic photo- graphy across the United States, every 5 seconds, how did you time that?
Count, or clock or how? I started the event timer with the digital clock that we got in minutes and seconds, and then I controlled spacecraft and then I set the mark every 5 seconds.
I see, and Ed cranked the camera on and took the pictures. Did the same subject, do you think that one man could do this by himself. This is important to the flight plan, do you think it Lakes both men to do it? I think so; it would be very difficult to time it and control the spacecraft as you take the pictures.
(22
[page 58]
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I think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don't think that you could get the same set that you got. The set we lostin the southern part of Mexico, I believe I did one time when Jim was asleep, but it was not nearly as long a period and I think it was only probably about 12 pictures. This is shorter piece, but the country isn't very long.
Yes.
Well, were focusing it then Ed..
Yeah, I just wanted to get it all set up ahead of time, and by the time we passed there we didn't change it a great deal. But on the pass that we made across the United States, it was, I think, most precisely held straight down, and we went much longer period of time and there were controls that were made, and to sit there and fiddle with the controller and time yourself and turn the camera and take the picture, you can't do it as exact as you can." Okay, I will put that in as a firmative request for my experiment if at all possible, have both pilots on the job.
For any of your sequence pictures.
Yeah. Those other ones, the target.......
End of belt.
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## That's all right. (cont.)
O. K., I'm going to put that.... address prefer request for my experi- ment if that is at all possible to have both pilots on the job for any of your sequence pictures.
Another one's Target of Opportunities if you don't need the controls..... .......the ones that we've got you weren't all straightened out.. .....you don't necessarily pass over them, you know. The thing they want to take a picture of is over here;B it's best to take a picture.
You guys certainly have your eyes open, buy some of those things-- that volcano shot, that reshot structure especially, that's really going to give us the mileage.
Could you make a comment just on the general stability of the spacecraft, ........pulsing and you stopped once, and you were wait- ing; how long did it take for rates to build up, for instance, how long could a fellow count on maybe pulling position in general? Whoever got the rates stopped I'd say it takes him a couple of days for him to get started. There's nothing to make them go except that rotating machinery which is practically nil.....
o, just a matter of the metal break with the jet.....
[page 60]
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2
as....because he was actually moving the spacecraft or whether I
felt it moving around because he was bumping it, either that, now I didn't move you really, but I'm sure that you quite felt some (stable?), so I don't know whether it was that kind of a thing I was feeling
or whether it was the spacecraft effects.. I don't... . . . . You don't tend to......you don't tend to pick up these motions
from the spacecraft..... I remember several times when I kicked into the footwell that you mintioned; you could hear that, but I'm sure that was just some- thing that he heard, and that I didn't really disturb the motion of the spacecraft.
What about the externally..... I mean, could you disturb..... Sure could.
[page 61]
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......do you have any figures on what the....used to stabilize the spacecraft.
I used, uh, translation of bigger percentage than mine was... 'Cause you're only translating your........
......need some pictures, sir.
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## Do what?
.....Did you just fix yourself in one position.....?
Yeah, that's kinda hard (for me) to say, a way to describe; but I used proportionally of the fuel that I used, probably, three quar- ters of it, translating in about a forth of it just in the pitch and yaw maneuvers that were made, and I didn't try to take out roll...... and I didn't really (put in) very much roll;B one time I called--I called out roll on my tape a couple of times, but pitch.....
Could you....did you understant though that when he did these pitch and yaw maneuvers he wasn't trying to translate, he was actually
just demonstrating that this could be done?
Yeah, all I did was pitch a little bit or yaw a little bit, yaw, do a little of this type of maneuvers with it, and to see if I could Lop it and put in in so that. I didn't put all the motions in too. So it wasn't truly, I see what. Jim's driving at...that you don't want to say that to translate from point A to B is three quarters in translation, and a quarter in attitude. That's what you were getting, right? Yeah.
of my fuel that I carry in the gun I probably use three quarters in Translation and a quarter in attitude, but you don't need very much
[page 62]
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in attitude. One time I got pitched over backwards and I did use the gun to take that out, because I just didn't want to use the oxy- gen.
One more quick question: .....some of the (numbers? members?) say that you were moving the structure about in a one-side configuration.... It's pretty big, but it very well has to be within your work area-- you know, in your suit, you're rather restricted on where you reach, you don't reach underneath and behind you especially, but out in front; if a guy would've handed me something that's big, I could've held it.
Ten, twenty feet.....
What?
Ten feet?
Ten, right, ten. Ten by ten sections.......
Wait, now wait a minute, we're talking about smaller things right.
now.
Ten by ten what? ........Moving where? Do what with it? I couldn't move it an inch, because I wouldn't have anything to... how would I move it? I'd go the other way if I moved it this way.
..Propulsion.....equal? No, I don't think this is us, it's not what we were demonstrating with ....
I'm just saying, look at that....
Yeah. I see what you're interested in.
One thing you gotta be careful of...
You got a center of gravity that big thing you're talking about,
[page 63]
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and I don't know what happened--unle I knew where that was I could really very well get pretty close.
I knew where mine was.
These things, these things are weightless up there but they're not baskets that fly away, once you get these things going, you gotta stop them again, if you started pushing, if you had a...some means of proportion, you've got something like the sides of this table going, and if it hit that wall down there, it'd go right through it.
This is the general question I'm leaning at: Is it, well, I'm try- ing to get it...with the distinction that you can use it ..... auto- matic tape stabilization.......
You'd have the same problem with automatic stabilization that you ... would..... Sure.
But with automatic stabilization you might, it would set down in fine (resistance to) the motion where with this thing you wouldn't... with a gun you, probably, would you know, how to find, you've gotta find.........
You mean, you have to find your automatic stabilization as soon as you've held on to a ten by ten box, it would stabilize you and it 1.00?
Well, if you could still hold on, and so forth, it would start firing the stabilizer.
[page 64]
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Just a second, Bob. You had a system that was trapped to you that had automatic stabilization and translation of a person, well,
than you've got the whole of a box or something that you were hold- ing when you were down in one corner of it. I'm sure that you would'nt have engouth stabilization control authority to handle the translation of something like that, because you're putting your engine...
Well, it depends on his mass. Again you said it's mass. If it were magnesium bonds or something, then.......
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## Do what? (cont.)
I think we're asking...... Yeah, well I know what we're talking about--we're talking about building a space station. I'm as anxious to do that as the next guy, but this isn't quite what we looked into. I appreciate your question; we certainly have to fact up to it........
On-stabilization, uh, suppose you were trying to take off (both pic- tures) on Gemini, compared to Mercury.....
Would it take you what? Suppose you try to take one photo picture of the star, say three stars, uh, what do you think your sensitivity in terms of angular accuracy would be for, say, ten seconds or three seconds focus, angular-wise, but (who) took pictures of the horizon and...... changes four degrees per second.
Oh, does that ...... to the dyed balloon? Well, it's a very special question on generalization, you know, you're moving around, how can you, can you counteract the motion on the vehicle, for instance, the Gemini capsule .... to take stabilizer... Yeah, you'd have to, if you want to compare it with Mercuey stabilizer,
[page 65]
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you have to Go back and get moment of impulse of the control system,
then apply it to the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and then do the same with the Gemini ....
No, in this case he'd be moving a camera.
[page 66]
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## Pardon? (cont.)
and get a fixed attitude stabilized in this manner. It would pro- bably be rather..... (unstable?)
I have the feeling it would be very stable. Some of our section sitings over there, particularly when we were working on the Apollo siting, where I was keeping a certain fixed two stars on a certain location on my window, and Jim just doing it over there with pulses.....
He didn't have the radical on....
Ile had the radical on. On, yeah. ........You were well within a degree taking a few minutes of oxygen. You can hold it within a degree or a quarter of a degree. You can get the exact answer to this if you just analytically....
Do you have the data? No, I can't quote it to you off-hand. It's not in the order of hun- dreds of degrees per second.
My overall impression was that we were more stable that I thought we would be when we wanted to stabilize.
[page 67]
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## Pardon? (cont.)
of the 35-millimeter?
Uh, yeah, Most of them are, I think, blocked, because we have to be over the water, but, if I'm not mistaken, on the little bit I just caught a look, there might be some land bands.
Oh, yes, as a matter of fact, you got three or four, uh, they're toward the end of that box of 35-millimeter slides. It shows spectular structures probably, they weren't taken outside, they were over Asia somewhere but they were really nice. Those definitely should be blown up, also the movies.
We did take a lot of movies of the clouds. We did just, a couple of times, just turn the thing on. We weren't going to take movies around us of things that were still, and wanted to get a big structure of the......area, so I took some over the Pacific, on the -up over the northern Pacific between Hawaii and the United States, about 3, 4, or 5 minutes.
We took a lot of ocean movies.... Was there ever any question in your mind as to whether or not you were looking at clouds, did you always get.....
[page 68]
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Over North Africa a couple of times we commented on dust storms, although they weren't really dust storms?
We w eren 't s re that w as a dust storm, right.
Remember I sai d that
is a ..., and then we said well maybe not.
It wasn't a dust storm as you would see it from an airplane where you see the wind blowing on or prior to the desert.
We decided it wasn't a dust storm, just a dusty haze..
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## Pardon? (cont.)
Belt 1
This was a sort of a chance observation.
No, I wouldn't say that I did. ...
I guess you would call it but you couldn't... it didn't at any rate.
Did you notice the . . . with the flash if lightning. There was an awful lot of lightning Sure was, South America and . . . Any more coverage on the water photography?
Yes... on atmospheric phenomena . . . Did you feel as though you would have time to study them instrumentally? I mean from the time that they come into view until they pass out of view? Did you go through the exercise with the instrument - let's say a hand-held spectrometer or . . . .
Did I phrase the question?
I think so. . but I'm not sure of the duration that your studies require. That's my problem - I was trying to get some feel as to the duration. that you had something in sight.
Does this ... reduce the phenomena.. where you'd fly along in regard . to what the weather was and you'd say O. K., at 5 minutes after eleven I'm gonna do a spectrometer study and then you'd set the thing up and 5 minutes after 11, you would start it or is it something where you would say When I pass over this lungus... that's been reported to be 25 miles north of Tripioli - I'm going to study. . . . which of these things are.
[x] 34 34
[page 70]
Belt 15 2
You see the big problem is finding these things.
In looking for objects on the ground and things like that you just don't find them 500 miles in front of you.
How about something in the sense of a target of opportunity? You see it. without advanced warning.
I would think you'd have on the order of a minute or 80 seconds maybe to study it if you have your (equipment) already mileaged if you wanted to look at it you've got to aim the spacecraft as it, say.
Aiming the spacecraft at it is not difficult. If you've got a field to do if, you can track right on a point. If you say a thunderstorm, say, off to your left, you could maneuver the spacecraft around there and just keep pointing at it as it went by.
About how many miles would 60 secons - 80 seconds
Well of course 25° down. 45° down -
That's about 80 seconds.
That's 80 seconds, roughly.
[page 71]
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found the object, and then tracked it all the way. And as soon as they get that film and put the pieces in to make it - it's a sequence camera - it's not a real movie camera - as soon as they put the pieces in and in- sert the extra frames so it is in such a movie camera, I think you can get a real idea of exactly how long you can see. So if you know how much re- quirement you have as far as using your instrumentation is concerned, you can tell exactly whether you can or what kind of measurements you can make.
Then you can also theoretically figure it out, too.
[page 72]
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## Pardon? (cont.)
these targets of opportunity. Let's take the airglow for a moment here. There's the night airglow, the twilight glow, and the day glow. Now there are no ...... of day glow. That would take (perhaps a) second exposure, and you know where to look the next time around, and (you can do that forever.)
The twilight airglow might take 10 seconds to get And the night airglow you would want maybe 4 minutes. Now how do you feel about if that were programmed in with proper spectographs? Either hand- held or on the capsule. How do you feel about it? Taking a one-second exposure of the dayglow, a 10-second exposure of the twilight glow, and a 4-minute exposure of the nightglow. You're moving all the time, but the phenomena are pretty much the same during that period.
One second's no problem for us. Four minutes, you might have to be a little blurry.
I think you could probably, if you tried enough, you could probably get a 1.0-second .
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that
No, no.
You'd have to be spacecraft-modern. You could get the rates down low
and you could-
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## O. K.- (cont.)
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airgiow over lighted area, I think that that would be more easily done than trying to track a certain spot in the airglow because that means that if your flight path is this way, you've got to aim the spacecraft over here and then you've got to track it along like this. It would seem to me that it's easier to just put it some place and hold it there.
MM-hmm.
And especially from the pilot's standpoint when you've got a gunsite or something like it. maintain that spacecraft essentially wings. level with . . . and if the pitch attitude's proper, you don't have to worry about the translation across the . . . . . This is a question on both 5 and 6. In terms of pre-warned subjects, like the these storms, and this sort of thing. A lot of pre-warned subjects. To your eye, how far below the horizon could you feel you could pick up say a weather phenomenon. Now you're not looking through the atmosphere at something in the atmosphere. Do you feel you could see say 10° below the horizon? Can you come up with some estimate there. If you're pointed head essentially try the plane towards it so it's in your window.
Wouldn't this depend upon what the phenomenon was-
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7
below the horizon, I thought that was a good place to look for small ob- jects. When we say small objects, they have to have large identifying fea- tures near them; maybe if we're going to start looking for something like the
(could be a cloud)
-the Red Sea 30° below the horizon, I think you could probably start picking it up. This is below the apparent horizon. This is below the local horizontal.
Right.
As to water and land you say it may be 20 to 30°. As for clouds, perhaps about the same, or maybe further up?
A little furth r up .
Further up.
To tell the difference between a storm and just a sheaf that's so far off that you can't tell if i's just a sheaf of clouds or is it honestly a storm gathering.
You see as you get farther out there, 0° below the horizon . . . when you're looking like that you don't know the difference. One degree either side covers 100's of miles, so if you get right down below you one degree either side only covers a couple miles. So, if you get too close to the hori- zon, you're really not confining any point out there.-
The point is, if I set up for say 30° or 20 below the horizon, would O that be a good place to give a man a value on to set up?
I think 20° would be (easier, yes.)
I think 20 would be easier.
30%
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8
You just can't differentiate in what you're looking at. Well you see we're playing a game here between giving you enough time to get on it so you're on it when you get there and at the same time not so far that it's wasting time.
Really to me you're not wasting time at all when you tell me where to start even if you start me way out. To tell you the truth, I want to start looking as soon as I-
O. K.
I'll tell you all this though, if you're just going to give one time- No. That's no good.
Which time would you like, now? I was talking-
If you're going to give them multiple times, you know, start early and just continue out, but if you're just going to give one time, then I'd say 30°
30°.
Or 20 maybe, but no closer to the horizon. From the earth's horizon. That's about 45 half the horizontal, or some- thing like that.
It's about . 20.
No.
No sir, it sure isn't. More about a minute and a half. Then he goes. You've got to get a man on it early enough to have the same kind not to throw all your weight fields picking around and wait for it for a long time.
41
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## O. K.- (cont.)
your real key, though is the first time you look at it it's pretty hard to find it. As soon as you've gone by it once, maybe missed it once, the next time you come through, you can give it up there at 10° if you want. You know exactly what you're looking for and you know what's coming before and you go right up to it and get a ... Cause you're saying about 30 to do that or 45 down from the horizon for terrain and perhaps a little further up for weather. 10° further up for weather on a first-on a chance basis target of opportunity.
I just wanted to ask you that in your - part II of this - under the great and under the terrial - what is the ground altitude that you took 4 shots with the pitch down I don't know if both of you were up or not. You pitched down and you fired a thruster as a preliminary to the experi- ment on the rediacal light to see how much the thruster flame would and could interfere with the target. I was just wondering what you actually observed on the
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The document out on the tape and I think that's probably the part where the tape.
I believe it's in the book there, Tim. Do you recall how they came out? You could see. light or. Oh, no. No. It's in the same ball park, but the diagonal light that we saw maybe once or twice. You looked like you saw it once, and . . . You did see it once.
Well, we thought we did from what we'd been briefed up to . . . . Did you draw a picture of it yesterday? Yeah.
I could comment. We talked quite a bit about this after the GT-3 flight and I know Gus and John both had quite a bit to say about it if you want to check the notes on it.
You mean on the- On the bright thrusters, yeah. Wait a second. I think they may have been talking a lot about the re-entry control system. No. No. No.
Do you know what caused you to see it? Was it reflected off the space- craft or was it an aura of glow somewhere around-
A glow from behind.
You're just seeing that section of the glow that comes your way. Now Is it primary or secondary glow. Was it particles themselves. . . to the light, or you think reflections off the particles that were round? I don't think you could tell. It was so dim, you couldn't tell. Did you discuss yesterday particles of space and
[x] 43 43
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I don't think you could help
You discussed yesterday particles of space junk? Yes we did, do you have any particular question? I would like to have the information later though.
We.. what was your question?
I was just curious about the amount of junk you had about the space- craft.
From the spacecraft? Well, from the spacecraft and also the amount in the spacecraft? From the spacecraft.
I am not talking about any strange particles that appeared..... And also, when you were outside the spacecraft, whether you could keep any geometry of any junk off the spacecraft? Particular the spacecraft angle of view.
No, the spacecraft only. I didn't see any
You didn't see any particles - -
tellites or particles floating around.
I saw the glove gloat. off.
It was a definite..
But it was not small particles floating off the spacecraft? There were all kinds.
But you have no geometrical picture of these when you were outside The spacecraft.
I think they float in all directions. When you dump the urine, you have a snow storm out there. I is really beautiful. Snow flakes
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2
all over. Millions of them. And it doesn't make any difference which way they are going but you can see them come off by the window and they look like they are going off spherically, from what you can see. Now maybe they are not going out the back, but I doubt that. Did you see them at any other time? Glenn mentioned that he had. seen them, ice crystals, they weren't associated with such situa- tions as this -
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The particles coming out the back. But then we saw that he could absolutely could not use it as a yaw reference.
They were going straight forward.
Any way you were going, they were always flowing with you, and it was there were two urine dump systems on the spacecraft, one dumped out the right side and one dumped out the left side. The one on the right side you could see out the right window and they would eventually come on the left side and you could see them out both win- dows. Predominantly on the right side. When you dumped from the left side, it was predominate on the left side.
They always appeared to be spherical.
You could look out and they were going straight - you know you would look out and they were going straight up this way. They were very brilliant.
As a matter of fact, the prettiest sight of the whole flight was you'd do this right a sunset and you would have a perfectly black sky with all these with the sun shining on all these particles. It was real pretty.
What were your thoughts regarding participating in the coordinated ground-spacecraft experiment where something has to be done on the ground concurrently with your doing something else, from the spacecraft..
You mean one more participant?
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you would visually, you would observe something down below you. We were essentially doing something like that on our flight - on our flight plan, and we didn't follow it exactly. We were getting information from the ground on when to do certain things. We were essentially doing that.
They told us when we were coming over Carla, a hurricane, and the hurricane name, give accounts of the extensive cloud areas.
It was unfortunate at that time though; there were no characteristic clouds that characterized a tropical storm. There was just a big structure of cloud mass, we took some pictures of it. They don't give you the circulation that you would like to see, but they can tell you - this is what we did on the ground tracking too, they told us where to look to pick up certain targets. We did, we picked up the targets.
We did the same actually with getting into the anomaly. We had requested position versus altitude. We had to change time and run ours down a little bit.
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5
Some time later, but we don't know whether we got gimmied around in the spacecraft or whether it was my big fat handed glove I turned the wheel and actually turned it about - you have to turn it this way to find out what you turned it to and I am afraid of course I held it this way and I could have done that with the hand on the clock. So, this might be one source of error which would have been due to the operation of it. Another one though, that we had prior to the time that continuous taking pictures, the inside shutter doesn't back doesn't open - so you drop the front shutter all you want and you get a black frame and we got quite a weries of black frames on the film. But this may be a mechanical problem that we had, as far as operating the camera, the mounting of the camera on the gun itself, made it difficult to operate. The same thing, if you had a camera that was 3 foot wide and one and one-half foot long it would be harder to operate.
I realize that. I noticed that in one of your shots from the space- craft you had a white smear in the print. Now, is that one you experienced also during your training period?
The white smear, I believe is the picture Jim Look of the window, and it had that smear on the window.
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6
We are not sure what they are at all.
There is a symmetrical one on each one of them.
Well, it goes back across the film, about 90 degrees.
## Is it straight?
Straight, it's a pretty, the same width all the way across. It might be my helmet tie-down strap.
No, this was a different exposure on both sides.
This is particular too, because the exposure goes all the way across the film. You.........
It is not within the frame itself. So there is a peculiarity there. With respect to the black frame, the people have looked at it and they don't think this is a mechanical problem. It is an exposure problem most likely. We are investigating it further..
I also, was talking to some people on the cameras on it and they felt that it was an image of some type with the brightness out there, even if you are shooting at about 200 feet. It wouldn't be black.
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7
setting I think is about 500 that you would have some type of an underexposed something you can see........
I think so.
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Our measured success of that camera hasn't been high.
I'm afraid every time we used it, it failed.
Of course, we are getting a lot of these things, but when we go to trace them down, we can't really tie them down.
Well, I can tie down about 3 times for you. When the film in the altitude chamber in exactly that mode, the shutter doesn't fall, That is, the mirror in the back doesn't fall.
It's got a handle on that one and he discovered the reason for it. They had this camera back at McDonnell right now.
The one we had on the flight.
The one we had on the flight and they are looking at it to see if there were any of those kind of event frames, that they found.
Is that the one - -
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8
your pictures would be black and maybe if you had a random failure of the mirror back there it might take a picture sometime, sometime not. The back plate - there were exposures on almost every frame. There weren't these, I guess a fairly large number of frames that were black.
Were the frames intermittently that were black on these? No, no, that I recall. I looked - I didn't look at all of them - but I looked at a fairly good string of them and there were a couple of them, one or two points, one point where there is a small overlap in the frame, but that is about the only problem that we found on the black and white.
Well, are there exceptions in the color that are black? In the color, yes. There are.
I think this is - -
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9
Anyway, my suit leaked, they all do you know so that there is getting something on the inside, also, we had a lot of things in there that were probably outcast.
Also, the insides were dirty.
I don't agree with that. There was a definite flow of particles from the inside to the outside.
liow did you get the glove outside.
I think that may have - -
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
No, the glove wasn't put out, it went out by itself. I can't say for sure that anyone hit it, but there is something very interesting that unless you see it, it never dawned on me before, but we had some periods of time where Ed was asleep and I didn't have much to do, so I fooled around with what things do in zero g and I almost had a perfect conservation of energy until you release an object and push it off in a certain direction, it continued to ricochet around the spacecraft until it catches onto a lever or it gets wedged in something, but it doesn't seem like when you drop a ball on the ground it goes boom, boom, boom, boom, and finally stops, it is kind of like that. It keeps going - If you take something and spin it, it will just stay there and spin. I took one of the Food bags we had which were about this long and about that wide and very thin and I would just spin it like that and it would just stay there and spin. With no decrease in essentially no decrease in flotation rate. Another indication I observed, I had a piece of metal that was screwed onto the instrumentation panel that had a round disc with a loop in it and then it had a chain link dewitt and then there was another chain link dewitt, and that
[x]
[page 88]
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10
chainlink was screwed onto the instrument panel, so that there really was - the metal a link, then another fixed link, and there were, we had a fan in our suit loop, and you could feel that inlet. valve underneath the instrument panel, and I really shouldn't be very much air going through there because you only blowing just a small portion of the air from the cabin and mixing it with all the small air or oxygen in the suit itself, so you just sort recir- culate a little bit of air from the cabin and mixing it with mostly air from the suit and it just so happened that I noticed the parti- cles within the spacecraft tended to flow down and you could get a redefinite streamline fell through my leg and this metal was mounted just above that, but up against the flat panel so that the......
End of tape.
520
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1
and the Spacecraft tended to pull down to here the redefinite streamline down through my legs and this metal was mounted just above that, but up against a flat panel so that the ballad of the panel is here and the metal is mounted up in here. And I watched that thing start into motion. Really, I'd just touch it and it would start loffing. It would loff over like this and bounce up like this. And it went on for one time I timed it for over 20 minutes and other times for as long as 30 minutes - and the only thing that ever stopped it from this continuous motion this loffing back and forth. - was a piece of gawkroll that we had glued on underneath it and every once in a while it had an edge on it like a nickel or a dime where it essentially came off like this and every once in a while I'm sure that that edge got stuck in the gawkroll, but it never, ever stopped unless it got stuck in the gawkroll. And the same kind of thing could have happened to the glove. It might have been put in motion in the spacecraft and then just I wasn't looking at it AND it could have been ricocheting around inside the spacecraft for a long time and it finally went off.
The same thing applies to your strap.
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2
It continued right on out. You can see there was a fair amount of sun in and out of the cockpit.
Quite a bit. You could see all the dust particles. You can count the streamline on the way out. Maybe we'll have a touch on these last two experiments and then come back if there - just to make we touch on all the ...... the radiation experiment inside the cabin. Is there any comment or question
that .......
that this was the little ball.
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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Right. Ed White, why don't you comment on that? Yeah, this is a fairly straightforward experiment in which I'm sure the people responsible that are familiar with it. It was a measuring device in which we measured the spacecraft radiations for 1-minute periods of time at 6 different spots of the spacecraft and this we did at prescribed times during the flight. A very straightforward experiment. That's all the background (up to) this morning. Are there any questions about it? The last one was the Hangdella Sexon experiment We covered this in great, great detail yesterday, and I don't Did anybody brief on that experiment? I think it would be better if y'all asked questions on it because if we went through it, it would take about three hours. Does anybody have any questions about it? No, I think we got a very good thorough field for it yesterday when we went through it in detail.
That leaves the visual observations.
Yes.
And I know you went through that yesterday and I listened carfully. That's right. We won't have to -
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And I personally asked Glen, Cochran, Schirra, and Cooper if they say a meteor and they all said negative.
And t hen you both said you saw a meteor .
No, a falling star. Ha Ha.
I think there's a difference between what we say and what we were expected to see as far as meteors are concerned.
Are you talking about micro-, eteorites striking the-
No, I'm talking about meteors in the atmosphere.
O. K.
Below. O. K. Below we saw them.
Little ones.
Ah, little ones. Yes. Now, one of the obvious situations is that you said you said a 7th magnitude star. So probably your visual sensitivity was better than another observation. The window was better or something. Is that it? Did you make a count of the number of the-
Wait a minute. What are files you use success?
Well, if you have poor visual sensitivity, then the number of meteors observable drops off very quickly with the sensitivity of the eyes. You see, 10th magnitude, you could see a lot more meteors in the atmosphere than you can if you. . 2nd magnitude. And the question arises How many do I exceed
2nd order of meteors.
Yeah.
They were 2nd order meteors and -
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They were quite bright .
O. K. You saw only bright ones. About how many did you see? About how often did you see any? Could you have made a count of themand said, 11 Let's l.ook at me teors f'or awhil.e" ?
Yes, we could have.
Could you have s at down there an d counted them all off as you say them and give them re lative attention? You see , I hes itate to give you a number because I think that if we did, you'd tend to come t o the wrong conclusio n because we weren't looking out of the windows at night all the time .
No.
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They don't occur up in the heavens, they occur down below you. This is the area that you spend a great deal of time looking at in the night. You're looking up at the stars.
We came to the conclusion that you looked at the ground in the daytime,' you looked at the horizon starting at night, and if you were looking some w here else , you really didn't see much. You find out that sky, in the da yt ime you a.on't see anything-
I was just curious whether itwould be worthwhile to spend a little bit of time looking sort of at the ground close to the hor izon and trying to c ount meteors in terms of finding out what -
I'm sure we could.
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But what you ' re looking at right here then i f itwas dark. To tell you the truth, I think w hat 's more·important is the angle that you ' re looking at them at.
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Well anyway, we did see a lot of them. And they 're not difficult to see. And I don't think we were looking at anythi ng that approaches a 7th magni tude meteor .
You see we could see-
Well, I was just curious whether this was the reason why the-
, Much brighter than that. I didn't see any real dim ones . As
a matter of fact , since we weren't looking for them, you know, we wouldn't
have s een them. You look up there and you say "I wonder what magnitude
star I can see" and you look around and you say "O. K., I know that's a
3r d magnitude and that's a fifth and then I see that one over there is
dimmer than the fifth and that one's evan dimmer so t hat
e ventually you come to the conclusion that maybe you can see 7th magnitude ... I saw those because I was looking for them and I could come to t hat conclusion, but I never looked out at them to see h ow dim a meteorite I was only seeing the ones that I was attrac ted to w hile I was l ooking f or something else .
So that might be a nice thing to (ask). on the next (flight). Well, if you looked out for them, you probably could see a lot dimmer ones. Dr.- general question or something?
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7
Do you remember on your consumption of oxygen .
You shouldn't ask. That ' s a hard one for me to answer . I know what the flow into the suit was and.-
Look, somebody might have given you the
I don't b elieve that you could get that figure because you see itwas an o pe n roof system a nd. -
What's not used goes right on. In fact, not only that, it comes in at a fixed rate and it goes right over the sides.
You can't get that when you're fueling.
Did you come across any unusual problem outside the vehicle that you didn't expect? No.
Here's one you may not want to comment on. Do you have any comments to make in regard to the capability of putting man aboard and hide inside the vehicle, the satellite without actually. ?
Doing what?
Putting a man aboard
You mean go over and take a look. Sure. That's one of the
reasons we're doing this.
You think it's perfect. Pull up along side of it and go over and take a look at it. (You don't foresee any unusual problems, do you?) No.
the tumbling (mold)?
Excuse me?
Even if it's in the tumbling mold?
You're going to use some good judgment about what you do as far as going
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Belt 17 8
It's the same kind of problem we have associated with the booster. We spend quite a bit of time ahead of time trying to determine exactly how much of the tumbling booster we could plan to go up and take a look at and we finally came to the conclusion that it was up to the pilot's good judgment to approach the booster using his own judgment on it. There just wasn't a way to put a handle on it - well it's tumbling so many de- grees and out of plane and you can go or you can't go. I think if you see it, you'll know whether you can or you can't.
Is the problems connected with the difficulties in closing the hatch
unidentified?
They're working on those, I think. I'm not sure that they completely completed the case.
I w as asked to find out whether we have some lubricants in the very close
cauldrons was contributed
I think that kind of inf'orma.tion should come from t he systems people who have done a lot of work on it.
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couldn't do any more than look out .
You couldn' t aim at a particular point and correct for-
No, because it amounted to looking ov er this way and then controlling the spacecraft back that way.
In addition to that, you had up and down, which is worse.
A reduced. . . . That's the reason I asked the question. I wondered if you had used that particular thing and whether it was useful.
You could see what you were looking at, yes, but, controlling a space- craft, no. I think you could have made a little near - actually got around to that part of it. . . . . you did the first time. But if you wanted to take a picture of s specific object, and one person was controlling the spacecraft and the other person was going to take the picture, he could take the pictures when he saw them in the viewer. control
the spacecraft too itw ould be a - One other po int i s how accurately do you think you can point a photo-system with the opt ical site' Certainly w ith .:ta half a degree .
Plus or minus half a degree.
robably l os than that .
Maybe on the order of a quarter.
Do you have a picture of the site agai n?
No, we don't.
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There's a difference between the open bars on the site.
Do you hav~ to go, Bill?
No, I don't. I can give you a better answer if you come and ask me in a day or two
2
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10
when I get a little let me look at the site again. There's. visual observations.
Excuse me. Let me answer one more.
Have you seen the tracking film?
No.
Look at that. - you could probably..... putting a grid on a screen. I could show you what I was using as the targe. You could - feel the view that you got that you're looking at. Knowing the field you know, I'm sure you could calculate exactly what you can do.
Exactly what you can do. That's the second thing I want to ask Dr. White about comments of fields of view. You went outside the spacecraft and then you had a wider field of view.
Yeah. How would you describe the difference in field of view in terms of your visual sensibility in looking at the lemo. Any problems about that? Oh, golly.
It's like looking out the bathroom window versus looking out the front windo, out a picture window, which is like going to a movie theatre where you have a little film there and then going to one of these wide-screen ones. You have to turn your head to see it all.
Did you find the space plate quite adequate? Well, I said you have to turn your head to see it.
Could like you see then the whole horizon? Did you find any differences
62
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11
Along the horizon? You can see the curvature in the horizon when you're just looking out the window of the spacecraft. And then when you're looking out there you see- 0. K. then, you could compare one part of the horizon to another to look for variations.
Yes.
In daylight.
Yes.
You could see a great deal of the horizon out the window Did it look all the same uniform or did you find any variations? No, I didn't. It looked just the same like three more pieces of dough.. What about stars in the daytime? I didn't see any outside. And I didn't specifically try to chaff myself to do that.
scattered light. It was very bright out there and I even looked in the shaded areas which weren't shaded deed shade but behind the door, places like that. Were Cooper and Schirra in the daytime? Saw a dayglow.
[x] 63)
[page 100]
Belt 18
1 a
.......deep shade, behind the door, places like that. Were Cooper and Schirra in the daytime? Sort of date-low.
Could you see that also?
What did they describe as the basis? They......the sky had a brightness to it.....above them. And when Cooper woke up, he was mostly in the daytime. He (noticed) out on the window he knew it was daytime right away.
..Ha Ha Ha.
I could tell by up and down......... I tell ya, I wouldn't be uh I would hesitate that there was actually phenomena like day glow because it might be uh....You could liik out the window and whether you're at night or in the daytime. But it may (not) have anything to do with what's out there. It might not have anything to do with the spacecraft.
You've got two windows, anyhow. You can tell whether you're....... There's more to it than that. You know you've got a big long nose
64
[page 101]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Is it straight? (cont.)
sticking out on that spacecraft; and if the sun is shining on that nose, you know darn well it's based on it. Also the light on the nose is reflected back into the windows gives you a light. And there's a lot of things outside that window that give light to your eyes. We found that there was a flim on (the cone?) that gave light to your eyes. There are so many things around there that would give you a clue. You could indeed be placed out into a.....if you tllk that same spacecraft and I knew there wasn't anything outside, no dayglow, just nothing but an absolutely black sky up there, shining light on the spacecraft, I would get the impression that I was in the daytime. I hesitate to lead you down the wrong path.....
[page 102]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
over the place.
It follows, then, if you switch that, I mean the next time is terical and the next time was great... ..that if you could get out in the spacecraft at night,.......
You'd see a lot more. You say it's "great" because you saw 7th magnitude stars, but Ed and I both proved that we could see more stars flying in an airplane at 40,000 feet here on earth than we could up there.
But then if you want to look at the diagolectric example, which is geometrically extended object--you're looking through this little narrow angle restriction whereas if you'd gone outside you could see this elongated phenomenon with ease--the same with looking at meteors.... You're making some conclusions right now that we're not--haven't made-- nor making.
Well I'm trying to get your impression as to whether--
And I'm not sure before when you were talking about the dayglow of what conclusion you drew from what I said. Are you trying to imply that there's a difference between a night sky and a day sky which are obviously........or between the sky and the ground in the daytime?
I'm trying to find out how well your seeing conditions were compared to the Mercury crew's.
Uh-huh.
[page 103]
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I think you're drawing improper conclusions.
O. K.
I don't see why you say that the seeing conditions in the daytime were extremely poor.
In terms of visual accuity, for looking, for example, at stars,-- Well, how about for turning down and looking at objects on the ground.
Now that's visual accuity, also.
Yes.
[page 104]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
windows, the light coming through, that I couldn't tell you whether there's anything that if I looked up above I could see an image, or not. But I think that possibly, if we could find a long black tube and a window with no film on it and some way of closing off all the light inside the spacecraft, I feel that maybe I could look up and I could have seen the black sky (and the stars).
Yeah, we didn't have that, so I wouldn't draw that conclusion from what I saw up there. All I can say is that you couldn't see up and see the stars in the daylight because of all these other reasons. Now if you eliminate other reasons, I think probably you could. I wouldn't say for sure that that's right.. The point that interests you when you're talking about accuity, is to look down on the ground and you can see very small objects in the daylight. So that with one is (resolution) and the other one is sensitivity to different light levels. And I'm talking about light levels from Gemini, in terms of having a niosy background.
[page 105]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
5
and that's vision outside the spacecraft, and I (can) make a comparison between those two and I have already%3B but you can see clearer from outside the spacecraft. And I was quite surprised at this because I had three visors on: one of them was a left-hand visor which isn't high on optical properties and one of them which is a sun visor which is probably pretty good optically with a gold coating on it and then a flexiglass which is very high in optical qualities. And I felt as far as vision was concerned, I could see better out- side the spacecraft and I'd love to be able to make some further visual testing out and I think we probably well do this--take the visors up, this type of work, later on. So you're comparing three different things and I think we can definitely tell you some con- clusions between inside and outside as far as Gemini is concerned. I'd be very careful against saying that the vision out of Mercury was worse or better with respect to what we could see out of Gemini in the day. At night we were able to see and compare high magnitudes down to what we felt was 7th order magnitude stars.
[page 106]
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6
Yeah} this is a unique situation. He happened to be in a situation where the earth was beneath and the sun was behind him and there was no light ning scattered into his window or anything or at least apparently the r e wasn't anything . He didn 't fe el there wa s any and that he bad a good opportunity . There ' s only one datum .....
(?) Two were there when they have poor days.
Shade on the windows.
You know the stars are there; there ' s no question that they ' re up there and if we make th conditions right we can s ee them.
[page 107]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
7
s ee one" because you don't have any idea what it is certainly can't get
into measurement.
Results of this.. Maybe we can give Dr. (Ritch) a chance. Did he have any questions? I was curious as to what the difference is between sunset and sunrise.
Well, particularly with respect to the shape of the sun and how much does it spread out in lattitude. Is it different for night and day? We sort of concluded that the sunrise was prettier than the- no the sunset was prettier than the sunrise. The sunrise seems to be to my way of think- ing was more white and blue. But the sunset was many colors. A lot of red. It is red and blue. They were much prettier. I don't know why because we've got some movies with us.
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Is it straight? (cont.)
Actually we do have some movies that we tried to vary on some of them the aperture and I think we've got, at least at certain times during the film- ing, we've got a fairly true representation of what's up there. The colors in the pictures really do look right and, in fact, I was pretty happy with them. There are certain parts in there that give you pretty close to the impression that we got, and I think these will also show you that the sunset is a little more spectacular than the sunrise. Now there is one thing that certainly is different in the sunrise. When the sun comes, it really comes up with such a much higher rate and it just booms right up and bang it's light and a big ball of fire from the sun comes up. Now when it goes down, though, it's the reverse, and it kind of dies out slowly and you can maybe sit there and enjoy and absorb the colors a little more. Maybe that's the reason.... that the sunset is a little prettier.
[x] 21 21
[page 108]
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8
Is the sunset more billiant than the sunrise?
Yes.
Contrast-wise?
Right.
How about the elongation? Wait a second. When you say it's really
That was brightness. Sunrise is more brilliant. Sunrise is more brilliant. Up it comes. See it's dark and then the next thing it's light. It's really light.
Sunset seems to t ake longer and the gradation- And more color .
More colorful. What about the elongation and latitude? Is there a difference in sunset and Does the sun squash down elliptical?
No. It doesn't move. It goes so ... You know ... It takes about 4 seconds to reverse the whole thing there and it's so bright, you don't notice it squashing ... Did you?
No, I didn't. No, I've seen a lot of peculiar sunsets and moonsets%3B the sun and moon have ears on them and things like that- It's all due to the thick amount of atmosphere that you're going in. It all goes pretty quickly and I didn't notice that the sun came up in any different shape was set, but it may have.
You know, one thing on the films when you see them, the bottom part looks like the reflection or something, either in the lens or I don't think
22
[page 109]
Belt 18 9
it ' in the proce sing - must be in the lens under the film . The - down at the bottom part ki nd of duplicates and lets magnitude look on top and that's really not fair . It doesn't reflect down and what you see is only on top .
Did you see any difference between moonsets and moonrises? No, I dido 't .
Did you see any (classing) of the moon?
The elongation that you see?
No. I didn't. I didn't notice any.
I thought the interesting thing, too, about the moon is that clarity - t hat you see it ' s quite clear whe·n you l ook at it here, but also it just looked I l i ke a little silver globule going down. It just goes right down. You have no scanning or anything associated with it .
And no either. That's right, it goes right down. And also, your viewing of the stars beyond my comment on this earlier doing this. It doesn't obscure your viewing. - the moon being up there doesn't particularly bother you as far
as the (stars?) Then you could always tell where the horizon was because of the stars which you know appeared.
And then the airglow. Could you also tell from the stars? sort of a supplemental picture of the horizon from the stars?
73
[page 110]
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# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Is it straight? (cont.)
...the air glow.
Can y'all tell if it's dark? Some little (Supplemental? Sublimal?) picture of the horizon?
Well if you watched a certain star, you could tell when it went below the horizon. You just can't look out there and say, "O. K., that's the horizon." It depends on the stars. Now, you can look out there and say, "O. K., now, that's the horizon%3B not because of the stars."
Because of the lack of the stars and also the air glow.
And also thunderstorms on the horizon ......... (of the Lark?) proves that you can get it (pictures?). But you never can say that- and I never would ever say that I could take a pencil and draw a very find line and say that's the horizon at night. As a matter of fact, in the daytime, either.
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
2
Belt 19
it means a little more to me....now that I think about it.
Expecially as you look at it now and the artist has taken these things and he's put them in very clearly on a stark black background--and you know and you say, "Gee, isn't that artificial looking?" But that's not artificial looking. That's the way it really does look. The moon's up there on a stark black background (and the other artists should [paint] like that.) I'd like to ask Colonel White what color was his (watch) (blush)
Just silvery white.. .I suppose.
"Dr. (Acre)"--
I take it you would not have any trouble finding the sun if you were to try orienting at some angle with respect to this...... You wouldn't have to do too much searching if you wanted to line up with the sun in order to.....
[page 112]
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3
not sure until you start looking for it like this and you can search around for a long time.
You can search a long time...
And never get back down to the horizon, but if you establish (a per rate) well you can get there. The big thing is how much fuel you've got to expend.
You get right on the horizon and pick up......Milky Way well it can help you...well you can get there. The big thing is how much fuel you've got to expend. You get right on the horizon and pick up....
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
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## Is it straight? (cont.)
4
Belt 19
them, so we're prejudiced. Ha Ha Ha. No, as a matter of fact, we have a flight planner over in the spacecraft center. You roll three times during flight--You roll (when you come down to) liftup from the launch bases which you have never looked at and about 20 hours later we rolled around for 20 hours--I never even got it. to 20 (here) Just part of re-entry we rolled it around some more and then gave
up 70 hours.
(We milked some stuff on it). Storm books are real good. Excuse me, let me see these books. We have a book like this. To do any real time flight planning, you have to have access to the--every- thing--all at once, and you don't want to have to get every some- thing on a roller when you've got to roll through it like this. If you want to know what's going to happen in 95 hours, you just open the book up and turn over to 95 hours. Then if you want to compare that with say 40 hours--you want to have a comparison there, you can't fo this on a roller film. Unless you've got some quick access, a way of getting that our like you had your own sort of a meteor microfilm.
[page 114]
Belt 19 5
in the early s tage.
I thin k probably three nours per page or some
thing l ike that would g ive us more room t o write th e notes.
Has that book been reproduced?
Yes, it has.. There are copies for everyone.
Let me ask you one here. Do you think you could hold half a degree in pitch on the night horizon with the radical? Sure. Just do it on the top of the air glow layer and you'd have no trouble at all.
You wouldn ' t need a filter , or anything.
No. You don't want to make the air go away or any dimmer. And the sight is (difficult) as it is and it's adequate to use at night. But then you could take pictures, otherwise.
Take pictures at gunsight.
[page 115]
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hold.. .7 points.
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Is it straight? (cont.)
I'd like to get your feeling on calcium balance coming up on the seven.....what do you think how it will affect your post-flight. I don't know how it's going to affect your postflight, but I know it's going to be a real problem. You've just got a lot of things. to do. There are a lot of things that can't be done until two weeks before the flight. If you get involved in the bit data-- gathering exercises before the flight, I think that it could indeed jeopardize the whole flight. This is my personal opinion. I sort of thought that some of the medical examinations that we had should be moved back earlier. We had a big medical examination at FITA and that's one of those few days we got a lot of other things that should be taking place and I can't see that my physical condition changed in the last week. Except maybe I got sleepier. But I just feel that when you put all these things into the last couple weeks, you really--the guys that are flying the flight--have got to get ready and there's almost an infinite amount of work to do. You just can't do it all, and it you take time for data-gathering exercises, I sort of feel that it jeopardizes the success of the whole flight. You think you could--another question--Do you think if you had a camera in the right window with a swizzle stick arrangement for pitch, do you think could telescope sites could lock onto have control better pitch than you could with a rigid mounted camera in the right window.
[page 116]
7
Belt 19
Is this a ball-jocket-socket type of junkhead or something. It's not a ball and socket, but a pitch.....for holding a pitch atti- tude.
Oh, for the air glow. For the air glow, yes. This would be for one minute photographing. For minutes Some of them may be up to 22 minutes. Wow. I'd hate to be a You mechanize it with a low-speed electronic drive and a rheostat- type drive on it. No. Manually. A manual swivel. Let's do sound effects for the good old.......
Yeah,....Elroy T. V.'s charging, you're not going to have more than 20 minutes exposure of night air. Ha Ha Ha We're safe there, aren't we. Ha Ha Ha A swivel stick here in the right coming out%3B you have authority Laken on a different one. Larry, did you talk to them about the Northern lights below the southern lights.
## I tried to.
Oh, excellent, excellent. I just covered a few little things and I surely would like to hear your comments about the um I would love to. Venus. Yeadh, we were really impressed with the planet Venus up there and we took some pictures of it and it did come out with about the
So
[page 117]
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magnitude and brilliance that it really appears up there. It's a beautiful sight. After the dark up there, it's very brilliant and much more large as far as I was concerned and bright in magni- tude than anything I've seen looking from the ground.
(Mercury) proved very, very pretty.
I bet you caught a photograph, too. Yeah, just........you know and you've just-- Yeah, the colors on those things. The colors that we took on the ground weren't too graphic. Did you ever see--
Black.
Was there anything else? Black actually looked beautiful and this is the way the sky looks..... The sky's black, but it's a beautiful black background. But that doesn't come out on the picture.
Was the radical any good in the day? (Hasistas) would be brighter than it is..
About twice as bright. Twice as bright. You could see it on the ground. If you can't see it on the cause, that's the big thing here. You could see it on the land. You could see it on the land and the water. It was fine. But when you cross the crosscloud, I think we ought to have two rings of brightness.
You know right now it's very bright and just the next beat tannicals Look very dim and then you've got a gradation of dims.
81
[page 118]
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I think the dim gradation is excellent.
I think we need a little variation of brightness.
Did you find any difference in the two windows? Did you see any ventigral difference in those two windows?
We couldn't change places. Ha Ha Ha
See I looked in mine, he looked in his, and there wasn't any way
in the world that we could--
You could't get near enough to start a ration?
No. No. You really can't.
Independent of your ration. You're pretty safe to check your radi- cal brightness against the bright cloud right on the earth.
You know on a bright day like this.
Shoot, they said it was checked against the snowbank.
You can't bank there. You're in trouble.
Unless there's a..
A couple of Li.mes I was looki ng for it.
[page 119]
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experiments go. There was nothing that could have been done to improve it. This is the way the guider shows it%3B this is the way the mock-up.......
Even the experiment you didn't have a very successful flight. Ha Ha Ha. Well, we've got how many more....8 more to go, huh. Ha Ha.
What,.......
No, flights.
End of tape.
[x] 83 83
[page 120]
Notes from the De-Briefing transcript
GT-4
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Meteors:
Both McDivitt and White mentioned seeing a number of meteors below them: "We saw quite a few fall and burn up below our altitude. They were about one-half to one-third as high as we were when they were consumed. We never saw one above us." (short and swift?)
As the accompanying plots of numbers of meteors against the months of thef
*
p206
year shows the amount of meteor activity in early June is at a rather low *Fig. 1(Roach's plot of Olivier data from Smithsonian Contrib. to Astrophys.No level, beginning to rise very shortly after that towards a peak in August. on the average from to altitude Regardless of their brightness/meteors appear x 40 and 60 miles/in the earth's atmosphere. Bright meteors are seen to reach about 40 miles, whereas inxightx large fireballs may still be seen as low as 20 miles or so.
The average height throughout the path is greater for fainter meteors and for thos of high velocities. Actually the bright objects are larger and hence travel further before they are consumed, often traveling for several hundred miles before they are consumed.
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Planets
The pilots remarked that" the planets are so clear and bright, "and later that "all the sunsets had the planet in it." They have in fact recorded Venus in the horizon bands on one of their sunset pictures. At that date Venus Max was still close to the sun being (angular distance?)Sup.conj.Apr.11) about 15deg. east of the sun (eve. star). On the color print S-65-34771 the image of Venus can be distictly seen amid the horizon bands.
[page 121]
Draft
Sympos. oppos. report
2.
Zodiacal Light
Txxxxx Mc Divitt and White were taking 16 mm. movies xxxing before one" capsule dawn" when they noiced the zodiacal light and described it xx thus, "it was a shaft of light and a long time before the sun came up." On the ground observers can note the cone of light in the eastern sky or western sky after the sun has set and gone down about 18 deg. ( about and hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise.) Pilots at 40,000 feet can follow it for a longer span since they are way from disturbing city lights.
.205
Condition of the Window:
The G mini optical window is quite superior to the Mercury window. None- the less the pilots note that "both their windows ere foggy;" and at one point during EVA White rubbed his sleeve accidentally on Jim8s window smudging it probably partially remvang the silicon film.
[page 122]
Kerty:
File GT-Y
mission.
без
# JOCELYN- CY OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF G7-4
EXP DEBRIEFING. FOR INFO- F-7-6-5 (cont.)
## Planets (cont.)
| 1:30 | MEASURE REL STATIC CHARGE | TEX |
|-|-|-|
| | TAPE PLYBACK BLOOD PRESSURE (P)<br />3-1, 4-1 UPDATES | |
| 1:40<br /><br />1:50 | EGRESS PREPARATION<br />UNSTOW AND ATTACH<br />UMBILICAL<br />Y FITTING'S<br />EMER 02 FACK<br />MANEUVER UNIT<br />CAMERA | BOA<br /><br />112 |
| -2:00 | ALIGN PLATFORM | ONX |
| 2:10<br /><br />2:20<br /><br />2:30<br /><br />2:40<br /><br />2:50<br /><br />-3:00 | NULL REL VEL<br /><br />K✓Ŕ BLOOD PRESSURE (C) COMM <br />CHECK<br />GO/NO [x] GO FOR EVA<br /><br />DEPRESSURIZATION<br /><br />MAINTAIN PRIMARY O PRESS <br />WITH MANUAL HE ATER2 (850 - 925 PSIA) <br /><br />CLOSE WITH BOOSTER<br /><br />OPEN HATCH<br />AND<br />STAND UP | TAN<br /><br />CRO<br /><br />CTN<br />HAW |
[page 124]
Cet
3:00
EGRESS S/C
G
TEX
ANT
3:10
INGRESS S/C
CLOSE HATCH
REPRESSURIZE S/C
3:20
ALIGN PLATFORM
3:30
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC
COMPLETE INGRESS
CHECKLIST
3:40
4:30
3:50
4:00
D/T TAPE PLYBK
MEDICAL DATA
PASS TYPE 1
4:10
Here's a breakdown of the key entities:
4:20
D/T TAPE PLYBK
MEDICAL
DATA PASS
TYPE 2
[page 125]
-6:00
INITIATE TERMINAL REND PHASE
MEASURE AV REQ'D
6:10
T
6:20
CLOSE WITH BOOSTER
PHOTOGRAPHS DURING APPROACH
T
6:30
INCREASE SEPARATION WITH
BOOSTER PRIOR TO DARKNESS
- **ASC**
- **TAN**
- **PRE**
- **NIGHT**
T
6:40
T
T
6:50
T
-7:00
7:10
7:20
GO/NO GO FOR AREA 18-1
7:30
CSO
[page 126]
4:30
4:40
4:50
-5:00
5:10
T
5:20
T
T 5:30
5:40
5:50
-6:00
MANEUVER UPDATE
ALIGN PLATFORM
CLOSING AV ~ 13 FT/SEC
ALIGN PLATFORM
D/T TAP
PLYBACK
MONITOR BOOSTER ELEV
ASC Center darken x-Catching or shading
=
TAN
G
ORO
US2
W
[page 127]
7:30
D/T TAPE PLYBK
7:40
MANEUVER UPDATE
1
7:50
T
-8:00
T
ALIGN PLATFORM
T
8:10
1
SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC
T
8:20
T
-9:00
SEXTANT BOOSTER/STAR
OBSERVATION
8:30
FLASHING EIGHT EVAL.
8:40
T
8:50
T
<
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS
| Point of <br />Application | AV | HP/HA <br />After <br />Maneuvers | Direction <br />of Thrust | Translational <br />Thruster | Purpose |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| SECO +30 | 5 | | Posigrade | Aft | SIC-Booster Separation |
| | 5 | 86/153 | Retrograde | Aft | Station-Keep on Booster |
| Beginning 3rd Rev (3:33) of | 5 | 88/154 | Posigrade | Fwd | S/C - Separation |
| 99 (5:12) min. 4th later Rev | 12.5 | 82/153 | Retrograde | Aft | Rendezvous Maneuver<br />(Start intercept |
| 76 min . 5th later Rev <br />(6:28) | 21 | 86/150 | Posigrade | Various | Terminal Phase/Braking |
| 106 min: 6th later Rev <br />(8:14) | 12 | 93/150 | Posigrade | Aft | Orbital Lifetime Adjust - ,5 days |
| l,5th or 16th Re] | | | | } | *~'rAdjust lifetime - 4 days |
| 30th Rev | 25-30 | | | Various | Adjust lifeti me - 3 days |
| 45th Re v | | | | | Ad just lifetime - 2 days |
| 62nd Re v Rev~':) <br />( or 66th | +llO | | | Aft | Achieve OA MS Retrofire |
[page 129]
-0:00
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS (cont.)
| -0:00 | LAUNCH | |
|-|-|-|
| | SECO+30 S/C SEP 5 FT/SEC<br />YAW 180° NULL REL VEL 5 FT/SEC (340 FT SEP) | BDA |
| 0:10 | INSERTION CHECKLIST 2-1 UPDATE | A |
| | ALIGN PLATFORM<br /><br />712 | ALIGN PLATFORM<br /><br />712 |
| | CNTL MODE CK COMM. CHECK | Y |
| 0:20 | DUMP LAUNCH DAY URINE BAGS<br />SUIT INTEGRITY CHECK | |
| | CHECK ACC BIAS | K<br />ONX<br />0 |
| 0:30 | | |
| 0:40 | NULL REL VEL | TAN |
| | WITH BOOSTER | |
| | RADIATOR FLOW | RADIATOR FLOW |
| 0:50 | GO/NO GO FOR 2-1 BLOOD PRESSURE (PILOT) | CRO |
| [ ] 1:00<br /><br />1:10 | UNSTOW CAMERAS | |
| | | CTN |
| 1:20<br /><br />1:30 | CLOSE WITH BOOSTER<br />ESTABLISH FORMATION FLIGHT PROCEDURE<br />FOR EVA PASS BASED ON BOOSTER ANGULAR<br />RATES | 固<br />M |
[page 130]
AUG 30'65
Dr. J. B. Bliza Metallurgy
DE VER R SEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIV RSITY OF DENVER
P. O. Box 8786, Denver, Colorado 80210
To: Dr. Jocelyn Gill
NASA Headquarters
1512 H Street, N.W.
Washington 25, D.C.
Clippings
[page 131]
GT-4 File
clipping- Wash-Peat
GT=4
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## Astronauts Track Missile in Space In 'Typical Day' Aboard Gemini 5
By Howard Simons
Washington Post Staff Writer
HOUSTON, Aug.
nauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr.
and Charles Conrad Jr.
spotted, tracked and
graphed a Minuteman inter-
continental ballistic missile
launched from California to-
day as their Gemini 5 space-
craft orbited the earth.
and appeared to have mas-1
tered the temperature-regu-
24-Astro-lating mechanism, which was
giving them the chills and
photo-causing them to shiver, par-
ticularly during sleep.
man missile from Vandenberg
Air Force Base in California.
The 65-foot Minuteman was
launched at 12:37 a.m. (EDT),
as part of a missile combat
crew training mission. Shortly
after the ICBM was off the
pad Conrad spotted it.
For two minutes the astro-
nauts watched the Minuteman.
t
a
f
Astronaut James McDivitt
called it a "typical" day, dur-
ing which the astronauts were
catching up with their experi-
ments. Some of these were
successful; others were not.
"I see it, I see it!" Conrad
shouted as the missile
streaked through space on its
way to a watery target in the
Pacific.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## Astronauts Track Missile in Space In 'Typical Day' Aboard Gemini 5 (cont.)
The Minuteman was flying
a path 155 statute miles north
of Gemini 5's path. The point
of closest approach to the
spacecraft was 201 miles. At
the time Conrad and Cooper
tracked the missile, they were
125 miles above the earth's sur-
heat-sens-face.
it. At the same time, an in- ing measurement of the star Questions Raised
Conrad took six pictures of
frared or heat-sensing device
recorded the kind and amount
of heat being emitted by the
solid-fueled ICBM-a thousand
of which constitute the bulk
of America's strategic nuclear
punch.
Conrad and Cooper con-
tinue to circle the earth in
their fourth day. They have
already been granted permis-
sion to continue their journey
for another day and Gemini
officials see no current prob-
lems that might foreshorten
an eight-day mission. If all
goes well, the astronauts will
pass the four-day mark at
roughly 10 a.m. (EDT)
Wednesday.
Cooper had repaired his
faulty reticle, or gunsight,
which helped the astronauts
better to pinpoint targets in
space and on the ground.
Hence, they took a
Deneb, which they were un-
able to do the day before. The
astronauts also have
graphed the mysterious zodia-
cal light, which is thought to
be a backscattering of light
from dust orbiting the earth.
## "Dull" and "Typical"
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## Trouble in Spotting
Flight Surgeon Charles
Berry characterized the day
as "dull," which he explained
is "a good day" medically.
The astronauts were "alert"
Attempts to see giant 2000x
2000-foot eye charts on the
ground near Laredo, Tex.,
have been less successful. Al
though they could see smoke
from smoke pots set out to
help them pinpoint the Laredo
charts, they first missed the
charts altogether and then saw
two that they misidentified.
three airplanes near Jackson- sightseers were contrails from
in it (Jacksonville), and the
way down to Miami." Miami." Cape (Kennedy) and all the
More visible to the orbiting
The fact that the heat-sens-
photo-ing measurements and the
photographs of Minuteman
and other targets are being
conducted for the Defense De-
partment has raised some
questions here.
But the experiment that
caused the most excitement
was the successful tracking by
the astronauts of the Minute-
The problem, essentially,
seems to be this:
Page A10.
Today was variously de-ville, Fla., "and all the streets whether the Nation should
scribed as "dull," "typical,"
and "busy."
[page 133]
Water Excess Forces Cut in Gemini's Power
## THE WASHINGTON POST Thursday, Aug. 26, 1965
A11
At that time Cooper and cally tighten and relax con- unforseen difficulties, the
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## THE WASHINGTON POST Thursday, Aug. 26, 1965 (cont.)
ical Storm Doreen in the Pa- cific as an experiment for the
By a Washington Post Staff Writer | Conrad will have been in tinuously, ran out of gas. Just astronauts are expected to the skin sensors in his suit Conrad was told to get some Weather Bureau.
HOUSTON, Aug. 25 A space longer than any other how much this reduces the land in the Atlantic Ocean were more irritating than the sleep.
new problem aboard the Gem- human. When the astranauts value of the experiment is not off Bermuda at 10:27 a.m. beard. "Pete's (pressure) cuffs
Bavarian Restaurant &
727 11th
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## THE WASHINGTON POST Thursday, Aug. 26, 1965 (cont.)
pass Cosmonaut Valery F.
Bykovsky's 1963 endurance
Bykovsky's 1963 endurance record of 119 hours, it will also
mark the first time that Amer
has wrested a major
manned space flight record
from Russia.
yet known.
The 66th orbit, which began
at 5:26 p.m., the 67th, which
started at 7:02, and the 68th, beginning at 8:36, apparently started at 7:02, and the 68th,
relatively quiet.
ini 5 spacecraft and a new
American man-in-space record
ac- dominated today's orbital
tivities of astronauts L. Gorica
don Cooper Jr. and Charles
Conrad Jr.
Sunday.
Discussing another medical matter, Dr. Berry said there Discussing another medical
was absolutely no concern over
the fact that apparently only
one astranaut has had a bowel
movement over the last four
days of flight. Indeed, accord-
ing to Dr. Berry, the astronauts
regimen for eight days with could maintain their present
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## Round-by-Round Story
Of Gemini 5 Flight
are itching him a lot," he noted. noted.
65th Orbit-3:50 p.m.
Cooper photographed Trop-were
61st Orbit―9:29 a.m.
Cooper and Conrad watched
the firing of a rocket sled at
Holloman Air Force Base,
N.M. "There it goes, we see
it!" cried Conrad. "We could
see it very well, we were right
on the money with the track-
Cooper reported. The
astronauts used infrared de-
tection devices to measure ra-
diation from the rocket's en-
There were these other
Gem-highlights today:
Too much nondrinking wa-
ter is being produced by
ini's fuel cell and threatens to
flood the power-producing
cess water, Gemini officials
decided to reduce the amount
of power used by the astro-
nauts for experiments.
Cooper and Conrad saw
and recorded a second Min-
listic missile fired from Cali-
fornia. They also saw and re-
corded a rocket sled test at
Hollomon Air Force Base in
New Mexico. And, after sev-
re-eral previous and unsuccess-
ful attempts, they got a good
look at the aircraft carrier
## Fuel Cell Problem
HOUSTON, Aug. 25 (UPI)
Here is a chronological ac-
count of the activities of the
Gemini 5 Astronauts:
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 56th, 57th Orbits
No voice contact was estab-ing,"
lished with the spacecraft dur-
ing its 56th orbit, which began
at 1:30 a.m., and during the
57th the ship's track took it gine.
out of range of most of the
tracking stations.
As for the fuel cell water
problem, what is involved is
this:
cell. To stem the flow of ex-uteman intercontinental bal-out ill effect.
Flight Director Christopher
Columbus Kraft does not
gard the problem as serious.
The astronauts still will be
able to orbit for eight days.
They still will be able to per- form their planned experi-
ments. What will be limited
in the remaining days of the
flight are extra experiments
that might have been added
to the space flight plan.
Fuel cells convert oxygen
and hydrogen gases into elec-
tricity, heat and water. The
more power the fuel cell is
of duces. these byproducts it pro-layed
## 62d Orbit-11:03 a.m.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 58th Orbits
Lake Champlain. "I can see her turning big-asked to produce, the more Gemini Control at Houston re-Lake Champlain steaming in
Conrad put it. ger than heck," was the way
Similarly, lesser demands
for electricity mean lesser
amounts of water and heat,
too. This is why the Gemini
officials have taken a "con-
scien-servative" approach and or-
less power.
With both astronauts awake,
a long list of experi-
ments for them to perform.
schedule was still hampering Cooper reported that the tight
performance of experiments.
The astronauts took some
pictures of Cuba. "Just scenic
shots," said Cooper. They also
photographed cloud patterns,
thunderstorms and, on of U.S. Weather Bureau request of U.S. Weather
the eye of tropical storm Do-
reen roughly 200 miles south
of Hawaii.
At the beginning of the or-
spotted bit, Cooper and Conrad the aircraft carrier
circles in the Atlantic steaming near in
Bermuda. At the end of the
Minuteman missile launch orbit, they watched a second Minuteman missile launch from Vandenberg Air Force Minuteman missile launch
to track the rocket on their Base, Calif. They were unable Base, Calif. They were unable
infrared radiation detection
equipment.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## New Space Record
The new record established tists, they tried to photograph dered the astronauts to use that we keep everything to a they Bureau "We would like to request
by Cooper and Conrad rough-
ly at noon (EDT) today, in
Gemini 5's 62d orbit, bested
that for duration of an Ameri-
can space-flight.
brought on by itching, con- on by itching, con- In spite of mild discomfort
cold and sleepless
nights, Cooper and Conrad
were said to be in "extremely
good condition" by Kraft and
chief flight surgeon Charles
59th Orbit-6:19 a.m.
minimum in the evenings,"
Elliot M. See Jr. "We, for Cooper told fellow astronaut
some reason, are having trou-
ble sleeping." He said noise
from the experiments posed a
problem.
six Conrad Conrad reported he slept hours last reported night "in he bits." slept
Because the fuel cell water
is poor in color and taste poor in
used to press and high in acid, it is being used to press upon a plastic
bladder containing the astro-
naut's normal drinking water
supply. But the fuel cell is
producing more water than
desired and officials fear f
the situation continues, a
back-pressure could result and
flood out the fuel cell.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 63d Orbit-12:38 p.m.
The old record was set tinued
early in June by astronauts
James A. MeDivitt and Ed-
ward White who stayed aloft
for 97 hours and 37 minutes.
From the Control center Berry.
here, McDivitt radioed the
orbiting astronauts:
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 60th Orbit-7:54 a.m.
"Let me be the first to con-
gratulate you on setting a new
spacecraft."
Relief for some of Conrad's
itching came when he asked
for and received permission to
cut the tight pneumatic cuffs
mental cuffs were designed to
counter the effects of weight-
lessness on the cardiovascular
system. But the power supply
for the cuffs, which automati-
lem on longer flights, Gemini Anticipating a similar prob
ing filters that will make the
for drinking. fuel cell water clean and tasty
Gemini Control relayed con
gratulations to Cooper from
his wife Trudy on passing the
total space flight record of 119
hours 6 minutes, counting his
earlier orbital flight.
American record for manned around his thighs. The experi- officials already are develop Bad weather over Laredo, were not working anyway.
Cooper made the flight sur-
geon's heart flip by remarking
nonchalantly, "We feel much
better since we got our suits
off." The surgeon quickly
realized Cooper was joking.
some inflatable pressure cuffs Conrad was allowed to remove
around his thighs. He said
they "itch pretty bad" and
[page 134]
A 10 Wednesday, Aug. 25, 1965 THE WASHINGTON POST
## How It Went on Gemini's 4th Day
On their Gemini 5 space.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 43d Orbit-4:50 a.m.
flight yesterday, Astronauts
L. Gordon Cooper Jr. and
Charles Conrad Jr. sighted a
repaired an Minuteman launching and
repaired an important sight- their craft.
ing system aboard their craft.
Following is a chronological
account, as compiled from
news dispatches, with times
in Eastern Daylight Time..
The spacecraft made contact
with the Carnarvan, Australia, tracking station and flight ob
server Chuck Lewis gave the
astronauts landing and experi- ment data. ment data.
landmarks near Dallas was p
cover over abandoned because of a cloud area, but the astronauts insisted on try cover over the because target of area, a cloud but
ing the experiment later.
"We're going to pick a good
site somewhere over the U.S.
and get it because we're all
rigged for it," Conrad said.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 44th Orbit-6:27 a.m.
The astronauts said they
took about six photographs of
the flying. rocket and made
infrared measurements of its
exhaust plume. plume.
Gemini control reported a few minutes later the men were able to get a picture of a ship west of Bermuda.
Conrad also spotted Hollo- man Air Force Base, N.M., and Bergstrom Air Force Base, Tex., as he whirled over them. As they ended the orbit, the astronauts had their radar trained on Cape Kennedy and reported they were able to
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 40th Orbit-12:05 a.m.
An attempt to photograph
With both astronauts wide
awake and the spacecraft pass
ing over the United States, Gemini Control at Houston re-
experiment directions to the
crew.
The pair drifted quietly into layed instrument readings and 47th Orbit-11:12 a.m. keep in touch with the Cape
the 40th orbit with Conrad
Gemini Control in Houston
reported the astronauts had
consumed 13 pounds of water
each, "pretty nearly an opti-
mum curve for water intake."
As Gemini 5 approached Cal- longer than expected.
asleep. Dr. Duana Catterson at This exchange between com-ifornia, a Minuteman missile 48th Orbit-12:47 p.m.
was fired from Vandenberg Air
Force Base, Calif.
municator David Scott, an
astronaut, and Conrad took
place:
At an altitude of 125 miles,
view.
Scott-"Okay. You look real Cooper and Conrad got a fine strange readouts" from their
good here on the ground. Do
you have any questions on the
experiments?"
Conrad: "I see it, I see it... Hey Gordo! Right through that hole in the clouds. There he
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 41st Orbit-1:38 a.m.
Conrad continued sleeping a full day. I hope we can get goes, bigger than heck."
Conrad-"No. I'd say we got
them all done. How's the
back there in Hous-
Cooper: "Yeah, we saw him
going 'way out above us."
soundly and only one contact soundly was made with ground track-weather ton?" ton?"
Cooper and Conrad reported
they were getting "some
on-board computer. Officials
said the signals were not a
cause of "major concern," but
would be watched closely.
Cooper and Conrad finally
spotted the checkerboard eye
chart laid out near Laredo,
The Minuteman, climbing in Tex. Minuteman,
ing stations during the orbit. Scott-"Oh, It's real nice. a high suborbital are, came 49th Orbit-2:22 p.m.
within within 200 miles of Gemini 5, 200 miles of
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## 42nd Orbit-3:14 a.m.
No Just hot and sunny as usual. Just rain hot and in particular. sunny as usual. Just
once in a while a little thunder-
The quietest orbit of the
flight thus far, in terms of storm.
space-to-ground communica-
tion. For a 70-minute period
the spacecraft was out of voice
contact range. Conrad was still
asleep and Cooper had a meal.
Cooper said he had reassem-
bled a defective reticle "and it
works fine." The reticle is a
sighting device necessary for
the success of a number of cold."
Gemini 5 experiments.
# SEPARATION AV 5 FT/SEC (cont.)
## Conrad-"Rog."
Space Conrad reported he sighted Agency officials said.
the Minuteman 10 seconds
after launch when it had
pierced the overcast. The
uteman peaked at an altitude
of 575 miles and headed down
the Air Force western test
over the Pacific Ocean
to hit a mythical target.
Space officials on the
ground noted Cooper sounded
"just a wee bit tired." He was
given a long updating on the
Min-flight plan and was told to
watch for the Kilauea volcano
in Hawaii on the next orbit.
The astronauts hoped to meas-
ure the intensity of infrared
radiation from the volcano.
Scott-"Say, we've noticed
that the temperature up there
is a little cooler than we ex-
pected. How's your comfort?"
Conrad "Cold. We are tak-range
ing the inlet hoses off our
suits every once in a while to
warm up. It has been quite
t
[page 135]
A 6 Tuesday, Aug. 24, 1965 THE WASHINGTON POST
GEMINI-From Page Al
## Staking of Claims
## Disposal of Body Waste
On Moon Ruled Out Is Easy for Astronauts Associated Press
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers
The Government has
some advice for would-be
moon homesteaders: For-
get it.
|semble deodorant pads and
face cloths.
HOUSTON, Tex., (AP)-Dis-
posal of body waste is no prob-
lem on the space trip of astro-
nauts L. Gordon Cooper Jr.
and Charles Conrad Jr.
The pads are treated with a
nontoxic disinfectant that has
and no odor but does clean is
lint-free.
"The moon belongs to
the world, not the first ar-
rival," said a spokesman
for the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administra-
tion.
looks very good for eight days prove useful to the military and there is nothing that says for satellite inspection in it shouldn't." space.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
In a mishap on the ground, trouble developed in a com- puter memory system at Gem- ini 5 mission control late to- day, but was cleared up with- in 11 minutes.
The failure in the memory
system did not adversely affect
the flight. It developed in the
historical data drums, which
provide instant displays of
flight trends.
The radar evaluation pod,
which was to have played a
significant role in a Gemini 5
rendezvous attempt on Satur-
day, is expected to plunge
into the earth's atmosphere
and a fiery disintegration
26. during the evening of Aug.
Today, Gemini officials indi-
cated that if they knew on
Saturday know what they
been now it might have pos-
sible to have carried out their
original rendezvous plans with
the small pod.
"We assume that any ex-
ploration there will be
handled on an interna-
tional cooperative basis
much like that in Ant-
arctica."
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
A plastic bag with a new- style adhesive lip is used for sive provides a secure attach- collection of feces. The adhe- ment to the body.
Cooper and Conrad will re-
found a way to get rid of semble grizzled old prospectors because scientists have not
whiskers.
A germicide inside the bag
prevents the formation of bac-
teria and gas.
After use, soiled items, toilet tissues and a wet towel are placed in the bag, which then is sealed, rolled and stowed in empty food container spaces.
## Fainting Possible
At Orbits' End
Over the years, how-
ever, many Americans
have contemplated a life
beyond earth. Some even
filed claims with a county
recorder, listing the moon
or part of it as their own.
After the problem was
solved, personnel, who had
calculated lost data manually,
programmed the trends into
the drums. The drums store
flight information for 12 hours,
then are erased.
Since Saturday, ground tests have shown that would have been possible with the amount of oxygen available on Satur- day. What the officials did not was when know at that time was when know at that time the falling pressure in the oxygen would stabilize, if at
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Fainting Possible
At Orbits' End (cont.)
The bags will be brought back to earth for analysis.
Urine is disposed of with an aboard the recovery carrier
adaptation of the relief tube
system currently used in mili-
tary fighter planes.
ABOARD USS LAKE
Aug. CHAMPLAIN AT SEA,
for 23 (UPI)-The physician
the Gemini astronauts 5
today Lake Champlain said
there is a "possibility' they
may faint when they leave.
their capsule at the end of
eight days.
Tooth-brushing is just that.
The brush hangs on the space
craft interior by means of the
material used as fasteners on
golf gloves and women's.
purses,
Dr. Howard Minners said
they might experience the
faintness a person feels who
has been bedridden for some
and first gets to his "The treatment is time feet. simple,"
"The treatment is simple,"
said Minners. "Lie down." He
called the faintness "ortho-
static hypertension."
There is no toothpaste on their mouths full of water, board, so the astronauts squirt their mouths full of water, brush and swallow.
The failure occurred at 6:23
p.m. (EST) during the 37th
orbit.
## Cooper's Complaint
As for the astronauts, their all.
day was filled with experi-
ments, sightseeing from space,
and some complaint.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Venus Heat
Held Caused
By Snowfall
Nonetheless, Gemini offi-
delighted cials obviously are
with their makeshift simulated
rendezvous carried out today.
Advertisement
NASA Photo from UPI
Mrs. Charles Conrad Jr., accompanied by her father, Winn DuBose, sits in the view- ing booth behind Gemini Control Center
and gets a first-hand view of the progress of her husband's flight aboard the Gemini 5 spacecraft.
The complaint came from Cooper. In a brief flare-up of irritability, the normally la- conic astronaut said the flight planners were not giving the astronauts enough planners were not giving the time to get astronauts enough their chores done. "We can't time to get get the equipment put to gether and torn by the apart time they are putting these things (the experiments) to gether," said Cooper.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Venus Heat
Held Caused
By Snowfall (cont.)
Washing after each of the day's four meals is done with wash pads and towels that re-
23 (AP)-Venus, the red hot BLACKSBURG, Va., Aug. planet between the earth and the sun, is almost as hot on its "black side"-the side away face, and it is kept hot by from the sun-as its lighted face, and it is kept hot by snowfalls, a Johns Hopkins snowfalls, a Johns Hopkins University theoretical physi- ist speculated today..
It involved making believe that an Agena rocket was at a given point in space-actu- ally the point a real Agena is radar data expected to be at during forthcoming Gemini 6 mis- sion. Then, using radar data forthcoming expected to be at during the mis- Gemini from ground stations, com- mands were sent to Gemini 5, instructing Cooper and Con- rad to maneuver on four dif ferent occasions during three revolutions around the earth.
West Va.
## Chronological Account of Orbits As Space Flight Enters 3d Day
banter turned into an im-
this promptu variety act with
capsule exchange between the
and Houston:
## Report on Sightings
As for the sights, the astron-
auts reported seeing their
home territory of Houston, and
nearby Clear and Taylor
the Bahamas and Cuba.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## How Craft Was Maneuvered
Following is the chronol
ogy of the Gemini 5 space
flight of Astronauts L. Gor
don Cooper Jr. and Charles
Conrad Jr., compiled from
news dispatches.
for the pilot (roughly six quarts each). I'm just getting ready to eat Meal Charlie."
Dr. John Strong, a pioneer
omy, dropped this curious in balloon telescope astron-
item into the scientific pot on
the first day of Virginia Tech's
fifth annual space conference.
The conference is devoted to
"the exploration of Mars and
Venus."
What Gemini officials as-
sumed was that the Agena
was in an elliptical orbit whose
high point and low point were
spectively. To effect a near
Agena the astronauts had to
maneuver their craft into an
of 193 and 124 miles above the
earth. earth.
30th Orbit-8:14 a.m. McDivitt: "You sure do talk Lakes. They also saw Florida, about 210 and 141 miles re- Strong described for 250
scientists the instrumentation
ber, 1964, balloon ascent pro- 1964, balloon ascent pro- ducing the identification of
of Venus. Water vapor had
been been discovered on a 1959 bal- discovered on a 1959 bal-
loon flight.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## How Craft Was Maneuvered (cont.)
Shortly after midnight Sun-
day Gemini 5 had completed
24 orbits and 38 hours of its
voyage.
But there was a lot they did rendezvous with the imaginary and techniques of the Novem-
Conrad: "Say again."
McDivitt: "I said you sure
121-orbit, 190-hour scheduled oxygen pressure, at more than do talk a lot."
100 pounds, was up 10 pounds Conrad: "What do you want view of an aircraft carrier and orbit with high and low points ice crystals in the atmosphere 100 pounds, was up 10 pounds Conrad: and and
25th Orbit-12:15 a.m.
Gemini Control at Houston urday when it appeared that
concluded that Conrad's hus-
ky voice resulted from lack
of sleep and not from any serious throat condition. Dr.
Duane Catterson said it had
"not affected his ability to
perform." Cooper continued
to catch up on sleep.
The astronauts reported that a lot."
about each had slept a total of
began 10 hours since the flight
The at 10 a.m. Saturday.
from the previous day and 40
pounds from the low point Sat-
to the mission might have
splash down prematurely after
the sixth orbit. Control gave
the capsule instructions for
performing a simulated rendez- vous with a make-believe
Agena rocket on the 32d
through 34th orbits.
31st Orbit-9:47 a.m. a.m.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## 26th Orbit-1:48 a.m.
me McDivitt: to do, sing "Think you you a song?" can?"
Cooper: "He sings off key."
Conrad: (in a singsong)
the ocean, over the "Over
here's Gemini 5 singing blue,
back to talking." to you. (Pause) Well, I'm going
The mission passed the two-
day mark. The astronauts
again complained of the work-
trol in this conversation Ground Con- with load ordered by Ground Con-
astronaut James A. McDivitt,
mission communicator at Hous-
ton:
McDivitt: "Get you a job
with the Houston Astros."
At 11:18 a.m. control told
the spacemen they could go at
least until the 47th orbit or
until about noon Tuesday.
## 32d Orbit-11:21 a.m.
not see, too, largely because of the of the faulty reticle. Missed,
for example, was a planned
destroyer; a star called Denub,
and a Minuteman missile sent sent
aloft from Cape Kennedy,
which, though not planned to
be viewed by the orbiting as
tronauts, was the object of
their attention as they passed
roughly 1000 miles away.
In spite of their difficulties
in viewing the world around
them, Cooper and Conrad are
doggedly performing as many
of the 17 medical, engineering
and scientific experiments as
possible.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Pod Heat Measured
After four maneuvers, in-
change of roughly 1-50th of a plane cluding an orbital
virtually degree, Gemini 5
low achieved the high and
points desired.
An orbital plane change
works this way:
The plane of every orbit cuts
through the earth's center.
Most of these orbits are with
reference to the Equator. The
angle the plane makes to the
Equator is its inclination.
Through the use of propulsion,
spacecraft can alter that incli-
nation and, hence, change their orbital their orbital plane.
He speculated that a 120-
mile-an-hour wind on the face
of Venus drags the ice crystals
around to the back side, there,
presumably, to become the
"warming snowfall."
Dr. Strong told the engi-
and research- neers, teachers
ers from universities, space
government exploration companies and that man's cur
rent knowledge of Venus owes
as much to "Gulliverian spec-
ulation" as to documented re-
search.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Pod Heat Measured (cont.)
Conrad tried several simple
experiments as the capsule
passed over central Asia,
Cooper woke up and Conrad
Ground began a long sleep.
Control "looked said the flight
real good."
The astronauts powered up
their equipment and executed
the first of four blasts from
their maneuvering rockets to
them into theoretical rendez
vous with the phantom Agena,
whose track was being pro-
grammed by a ground com- puter. By comparing the One
of later ter with the actual track Gemini 5, Control would ter Gemini 5, Control would later with the actual
estimate the closeness of the
I simulated linkup.
Later this year, he said, an-
other balloon carrying equip-
ment from his laboratory is
expected to bring back more
information on the character-
istics of Venus.
Indeed, today an Air Force spokesman reported that the had recorded astronauts had recorded more than an hour of radiation data; kind of heat emitted both and objects of nature and by man- made the ground. made objects-in space and on
Cooper: "You might have a change their orbit and bring information on the amount
## 27th Orbit-3:31 a.m.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Police Reinforced
After Ramleh Attack
little talk with the flight plan- ning people. They're filling us
just a little bit too full. We
can't get the equipment put to-
gether and torn apart in the
these things together." time they're putting time things together." they're putting these
One man-made object in par- man-made object in par-
latticular, the small radar evalu-
by evalu- ation pod, was measured
the astronauts for its heat sig-
nature.
The Air Force spokesman as much heat as had been an-
Reuters
TEL AVIV, Aug. 23-Rein TEL AVIV, Aug. 23-Rein
Ram- Ram- toured the township of toured the twonship of toured the township of Ram-
leh, where a crowd of Jewish
youths attacked the
quarter yesterday.
He told the conference the
the is much preferable to is manned vehicle; also that a balloon gondola is never an manned automated, unmanned baloon much vehicle; preferable also to that the a
on easy base from which to fix
Arab and track a planet like Venus.
Dr. Dick Brouwer, director
of Yale University observa-
Mars and Venus. tory, spoke on the orbits of
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Police Reinforced
After Ramleh Attack (cont.)
The orbit began along the
west coast of South America
near the equator. While his
companion remained in a a
con- deep sleep, Cooper made tact with the Canary Island tact with the Canary Island con-
tracking station and con-
ducted a successful purge of
the fuel cell oxygen and hy-
periodic checks on electron
and ion flux interaction with
the spacecraft.
drogen systems. He aso made ning problems, Gordon, is 33d Orbit-12:56 p.m. alysis that it gave off roughly Arabs after the funeral of a noted from a preliminary an- The youths attacked the
28th Orbit-5:05 a.m.
McDivitt: "Okay, Gordo, I'll
take a check on that
think one of the flight plan-
that the weather is not too
good today, so they are try-
ing to stick them (experi-
ments) in where they have
good weather
Cooper ate a substantial
meal of concentrates of chick-
en and gravy, bacon and eggs
and chocolate pudding. Con-
rad continued to sleep.
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## Police Reinforced
After Ramleh Attack (cont.)
Cooper and Conrad per-
formed two more rendezvous ticipated.
maneuvers. The command
pilot spotted a huge
on the board design laid out
Tex., as ground near Laredo,
a test of the astronauts'
ity to see from more than 100
miles in space.
Cooper: "Yeah, well some of
these .. were just bang,
bang, bang right together. We
just can't do them that close
together. That's rather poor
planning."
This is the first time that a
checker-space object has been studied
in this Americans manner by
from space. or Such infrared
abil-heat-sensing devices could
Jewish youth killed on Friday
in a collision between his mo-
torcycle and a taxi driven by
an Arab. Some 12 Arabs were
injured in the attack. Police
said today they had arrested
22 of the youths.
He was asked by reporters
about speculation about life
on Mars.
"Cross it off," he answered
with a laugh.
29th Orbit-6:39 a.m.
McDivitt: "Okay."
## 34th Orbit-2:31 p.m.
Conrad: "We got to watch these lens changes. We got every piece of gear in the spacecraft floating around in
Conrad woke up and had
the following conversation
with the Canary Island track-
ing station:
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## 34th Orbit-2:31 p.m. (cont.)
The astronauts completed
rendezvous the make-believe
they had attempt and learned
minutes come within two of
the being in the right spot at
off much of their electrical
per equipment, successfully
formed a routine test of their
fuel cell system, and settled
Surgeon: "You're pumping here. We can't keep up with right time. Then they turned
full scale. We have a good it." blood pressure. . . Give me a mark when you begin exercis- ing."
McDivitt: "Roger, roger."
Then later:
McDivitt: "Hey, Pete. Gem-
you make a few comments for meals. the better sex."
Conrad: "Stand by-mark." ini 5 Houston here. Why don't down for some sleep and
Surgeon: "We have a good
blood pressure."
Conrad: "Hello there. We
just passed over Tampico,
Conrad: "Roger, the com- mand pilot (Cooper) is taking Mexico." his two-hour period nap now. The pilot (Conrad) slept about 4 hours 45 4 hours 45 minutes of his six- hour period, very soundly."
McDivitt: "Pete, Pete.
Jane's up here. Why don't
you say something?" (Jane is Conrad's wife.)
Surgeon: "How's your water
intake?"
Conrad: "Hello there. How's
all the boys (his four sons)
doing?"
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## 34th Orbit-2:31 p.m. (cont.)
35th Orbit-4:07 p.m.
While Conrad slept, Cooper
snapped pictures of selected
experiment landmarks in an experiment astro- designed to help future an
navigate nauts successfully
home from the moon. A med-
indicated both ical check
excellent spacemen were in
condition. Cooper was told
weather conditions around the
world were good.
Conrad: "Twelve and a half pounds of water for the com- mand pilot, 11 pounds 3 ounces
McDivitt: "She says fine." Still later in the orbit, the
36th Orbit-5:43 p.m.
Conrad reported that the
temperature gauge in the
capsule cabin had failed, but
he said a hand-held gauge
was working. Ground Control
said the temperature reading
made from telemetry data
was 74 degrees. During the
orbit, the astronauts photo-
graphed a tropical storm.
37th Orbit-7:19 p.m.
The Ground Control center
reported that the radar set
aboard the spacecraft was be-
coming too cold. To warm it
up, officials ordered the as-
tronauts to turn the radar on.
The temperature rose from
16 degrees to 26 degrees,
which is normal. All other
systems aboard the capsule
were also operating normally.
[page 136]
Ney guis OK, meaning onj The
ambres drapping inter. by
2&3 By map - Dukehan's
expos verifies this.
5-10 factor cut down.
MA–9 winden got worse.
Smung mission.
* Condensate in werden dig Patell. night<
wight - less exposm film
*s them whole perind он
GT-8 hirsting of Ell See
Awful chouse then I
[page 137]
tape on pitch
Conrad-
R+10 days
Sept. 8
Date e
pix from Houston
Bert m
[page 138]
6 Space Pho
Baumann, R.C. Pj. from
Viking I Rocket at
atts up to 158 minha
NRL 4489 DOC
Feb 1955
Bernen, PJ Hr.
Viking 12 Rocket
up to 143.5 miles
WR 5273)
apr. 1959
①Lathrop, P. A & Rush Report y missile & space
Desch., G. E. Co, Phila. 1959
[page 139]
Evans, Banzann
arctic met. Phto
Probe NASA TN
D-706, Fah 1962
(18) Conover, J. Ho
Sadler, cland
Patterns as seen 250-580
2
Contint to fofall. Met
GRO Resuch notes no
86,AFCRC-TN-60-
427, Belford June
1960, pp 31-45
[page 140]
Gemmi Sh. in space.
Prior to
5/19/65
GT-4's Walk-In Place
ues. to which Chas . Matheus would like answers
<signature>
# Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers (cont.)
## 34th Orbit-2:31 p.m. (cont.)
Pearse
Pose. ESTAR
Exfathe 50-217 Eml 2,5 mil
m m polyester EAR EAR (5. 5.
Norm Foster
1. Pictures will be taken before opening the hatch: (Before de-pressurization)
What will happen to the film when the hatch is opened? Nothing!
Ha 3-3/37
GT-5 Tom Brash
Sandy M. Branch in
MSE
2. During pressurization:
/ How long can you use the film? 30 mins? or what?
3. Pressurization in cabin:
After exposure to outside (outer space) and a very low temp.(10 deg.F.), how long will it take for the film to recover?
4. Will cold temp. cause problems with rolling the film? Will it break?
1
5. If one waited a period of time inside capsule, how long would this be?
for film to recover
pictures :-
glass rac, interface different from
GT-5) briefing me went O.K. mc Diritt & white got a referter
Comad.
alms hiked.
ERP: Sh
Moyo ||
55856
MSC10 info (Find Estar)
[page 141]
Bu of Standards Calibrated
Document
Leroy
W. Darling & Fred Byott
& Leroy
Stewart & Sam dist
Sounding Rockets + Safells
Leroy
a gerry, Dr. Rennie
J. Byar-Bird & G. Murta
1946-48-6 WV
Vehelot & 1964
NRL 4489
Viking 4 & 12 pg
adjustment forces
push & pull lateral explosively
, 002 inches on optical lens
. 004 toward film
in large vacuum chamber
cl check focus
BSFC - cl to dome under
vac. cone.
[page 144]
Science not star
done
Col. P.glum
(June
[page 145]
2 color-outh link
x27557
[page 147]
G
First extraction Pg. (external staff)
and source of info.
<signature>
[page 148]
cluch mathema white sands afort
①Before de pressing - NG
what will happen to fulm
③ during pesangat.
How long can can you you use film
3 5/h presume in calien 5/11 рчание
How long fait recone
so can just
film
press.
10° Fahrenheit temp
Coll
rolling film
[page 149]
La famille : sc. imp. MSC / 10
MIT
d'Ucc.
ESTOR
TN D-706 Feb 1962
p. 14, 15, 16
NASA FET 4.43
Need to
Eastman Kodak
MSRS. Soren & Batts
Norm Foster
Tell him about
Apollo contract!
[page 151]
Imm. = 1.60935x105cm = 160935k
2. mi. =
GT-4
Height above
McKeown
100. - T. Ranch
Regardless of their brightness, meteorites
appear a few miles in
the earth's atmosphere. Bright meteorites
are seen about 40 miles, large fireballs
often as low as 20 miles or so.
The average height throughout the path
is about 10 miles. Returns + for those with
high velocities. Actually the bright objects
are larger and go further before they are
turned up. Often traveling rather slowly
for several hundred miles. The
p. 206
white
Med
shoveling stone
" I am quite a fan, fall a turn up below
an altitude. They were about 1/2 to 1/3
as high as the pilates when crowned (0.5), 4
oh ya
here now are above me.
[page 152]
67-4
Wash De 10/8/65
Vaux
photo of Q in foreign lands No. = S 65 34771
Seen at every sunset
Ran into all land in
air force structure
New item in air force observatory. "Plutino"
ft. near with separate sketch in logbook
Seen light
foreign lands
Girl to do: - 8.193 "Plutino are an alien light"
Q in light
Navee
Job. Lt. mainly 8-239
Ranch
Plan of foreign lands
light
Polar camera 2 to 3 - intensity, follow color
lighting for stand tape (twice) check
Runkelman
air force form pt.
foreign lands
[page 153]
j. 205 E.d. Cast.
taking movies during this
"it was a staff light + a long time before rain came
up."
p. 206
White
Shouting plans
Poor - quite a few , few a turned
below our altitude
1/2 - 1/3 as high as we were when being
McD- okay turned.
[There was one above us]
McD- here
P.207, 208
Honzin
& angler very clearly.
nc0 attitude cluster not hindering
8.209
p. 216 Both windows are partly foggy
MS C-10
217 Event indicator (closed with shutter
Earth light photography
[page 154]
Timp
8-8
Ask me D/white or hereon
1. Pictures of Aurora? what camera?
p. 202 (2nd time for many settings)
1/250 at 5/11
What whit ? take?
laser for 30s 4 mins. or so (p. 203)
2. brighter meaures (0. )
optical characteristic? all correct.
When did they take the meaures?
Times of Sun Camera Fix
Times of brighter meaures
Contrast plenmer
Take 3 FILMS to MDC to get naked originals prints
on board tape :
amoune sights tapes (orbital tape)
weather etc with - "black" background
Rates of albedo
[page 155]
Roulder
Sept 1, 2, 1968
Gice
S H = 3.5 mm = 3.8 mm
h S = 20.5 mm = 20.8 mm -1.2 20.8
f = 21.8 mm (circled) = 21.7 mm
19.6 mm
S = (15 mm) OK
f = horizontal = 21.8 mm
h = cover & white layer = 10.2 mm OK
1) NASA Tech. Report {Broch, Ruckelshaus, Hill}
2) Condensed version for the forth coming
S-5 on Rev 32 over U.S.
Start at 17:40 GMT?
Snd
revs
Drawing ask to sketch for fitting
in Anglaw (T. Runch)
size of features deli by wind
(10-10") maybe / Schematic 30-300 K
usually too large to see from
front
[page 156]
11:45 GMT
AD 8:45 (Houston) 20 h + 30 min.
Giu
Planets; "sureets all had the planet in it.
Venus sen at every sunset jag in g
Wars in Les
vre I, p.205
Photo y Venus in haryan hands take drug
# ? S-1534848 ??
See original 5-65-34771
[page 157]
Airflow
structure (only non-thing)
meas with Sextant
Sharp line identification - putting here.
5577 in air flow layers ( 50m to 100m layer.
Bermush jetties
Schirma, Carpen
Roach
Dip y Berri
Peter amora
Dunkelman
Airflow - from St.
Airflow bands
Depression & Sun
Gill
To me Vemos in twilight bands (15° forward)
Meteore
Report
[page 158]
Questo ash white / McD.
Log book material
Sketches q аталае
on hoard tape
fund=tan &
–& in late.
sin" I + Coig -
क
Cand = a. = tan.
= b/c
times of amoral sightings
films (16mm)
orbit # may get from tape t
ed estimate the times of pit =
Woze. hand geheten.
[page 159]
GT-4 Refa
The Sky and Eye - F. Roach
SAT Vol 17 Feb 1958
Golan Heights, etc.
2+ # 3- interva. Amorale
P.207
[page 160]
spectacular
[page 161]
Rodical Light
White probably saw it
one & 4 p.m.ise
[page 162]
Planets
Brighton Vines
Venue
Mama
Melissa (usual return)
90-10/10
Classical return
Aug 11-14
Jussi Hakkinen
Annual Review - page 21 - Chuck Yurka
Past reference for Reginald
<signature>
[page 163]
Zade written
Metears
Give some info on meteosat height
to compare with height of spore...
Simanta
# ojik i Harn bom
hand & fightin
faintest disappear at
52 mm.
Mightest 40 m.
oney. It and gath
Scanter for fouter meters
& for hose with highne
lave fustall often
202.
love a To fauitor & "y" one y
Lehen Ma
fast-moving t
quick,
Velveities? (cont.)
## NASA ROUTING SLIP
| | CODE | NAME (if 111msary) | | ACTION |
|-|-|-|-|-|
| | CODE | NAME (if 111msary) | | APPROVAL |
| 1. | MGSD | a. J. Lice | | CONCURRENCE |
| 1. | MGSD | a. J. Lice | | FILE |
| 2. | MGS | Ew Hall D | | INFORMATION |
| 2. | MGS | Ew Hall D | | INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE |
| 3. | MG | W. C. Sch | | NOTE AND FORWARD |
| 3. | MG | W. C. Sch | | NOTE AND RETURN |
| 4. | | Gill | | PHREQUEST |
| 4. | | Gill | | ltfCOIAA\ENDATION |
| 5. | | Catio A | | SEE ME |
| 5. | | Catio A | | SIGNATURE |
| 6. | | | | REPLY FOR SIGNATURE Of, |
| 7. | | Rathy - Sam & 4 | | |
Rathy - Sam & 4
REMARKS: <signature>
[page 165]
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY 1962 EDITION
5010-107
GT-4
GSA GEN. REG. NO. 27
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
# Memorandum
TO : SM/Manned Space Science
DATE 2 JUL 1965
M-C MGS 1352.2
FROM : MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program
SUBJECT:
Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT -4) Photography
~
The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Foster to
Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr. Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office. I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject.
I do not anticipate any problems in your office receiving the S- 5
70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter.
<signature>
William C. Schneider
CC: Dr. J. Gill
Bu y U.S. Savi ngs Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
[page 166]
HABA HEADQUARTERS
X
MR. ROBERT O. PILAND
EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM CFFICE
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
INFO TO: DR. PAUL LOHMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENPELT, MARYLAND MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE ET22, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER BOUSTON, TEXAS
IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES AT MEC TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FILM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH COVERS THE SOUTHWESTERN V.B.) TO MR. LEO CHILDS, MEC, FOR 2 TO 3 DAYS. MR. CHILDS WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO MICROBENSITOMSTVER FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR CX THE PURPOSE OF TURGE MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE B-5 70 PHOTOGRAPHY ON GT-4. WE FIER TO A TELEPHONE CONVERBATION BETWEEN EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, CISF, LAST NIGHT.
WHILE MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT PRINTS AND ONE (1) DUPLICATE MEGATIVE OF SELECTED FRAMES USING VERY FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS WHICH GIVE ALMOST 100% TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FILM WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON AREA
[page 168]
•
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A D SPACE ADMINISTRATION
# WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546
IN REPLY REFER TO:
SM(JRG:com)
Dr. F. Saiedy
U.S. Weather Bureau
National Weather Satellite Center
Suitland, Maryland
Dear Dr. Saiedy:
# WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 (cont.)
We are pleased to inform you that the Office of Space Science and Applications has recommended to the Office of Manned Space Flight that the following experiment be flown on the early Gemini series of manned space flights:
Title: Spectrophotography of Clouds
Principal Investigator: Dr. F. Saiedy
Sponsoring Institution: U.S. Weather Bureau
National Weather Satellite Center
Present plans call for ten manned Gemini missions, spaced three months apart, beginning in the last quarter of Calendar Year 1964. Overall responsibility for manned space science investigations is assigned to Mr. Willis B. Foster, Director, Manned Space Science Division, NASA Headquarters. The Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, has been assigned implementation responsibility for the Gemini scientific payload under the direction of Dr. Jocelyn Gill, Chief, In-Flight Sciences, a member of Mr. Foster's staff. Will you please inform Dr. Gill by letter of any co-investigator(s) officially associated with your experiment. Technical coordination for your experiment will be handled by Mr. Roy Stokes, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, telephone number, HU 3-7633.
# WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 (cont.)
-2-
Experimenters are encouraged to publish experimental results promptly in order to inform the scientific community as early as possible. A brief analysis of experimental results with illustrations where appropriate is required to be furnished to the experiment coordinator within two weeks following the mission for the postlaunch memorandum prepared by Manned Space craft Center. Experimenters are also encouraged to coordinate and exchange data among themselves in order to enhance to the fullest extent, the scientific benefits of each mission. It is important to the conduct of your ex- periment that all Gemini schedule deadlines be met and that you keep your MSC experiment coordinator in- formed on progress of your experiment at all times.
We hope that the planning of your experiment and the construction and integration of your flight hardware will be brought to satisfactory completion in order that your experiment, along with those of the other experimenters on the attached list, may serve to make the Gemini scientific payload a successful addition to the United States Space Program.
Sincerely yours,
Homer E. Newell
Associate Administrator
for Space Science & Applications
Enclosure:
List of
Approved Experimenters
[page 170]
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY 1902 EDITION
GSA GEN. REG. NO. 27
5010-107
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
[page 171]
NAME OF AGENCY
NASA HEADQUARTERS
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
SM
THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT
PRECEDENCE
ACTION: <empty>
INFO.: PRIORITY
TYPE OF MESSAGE
[x] SINGLE [ ] BOOK
[ ] MULTI-ADDRESS
1245
UNCLASSIFIED
CLASSIFICATION
STANDARD FORM 14 REV. MARCH 15, 1957
GSA REGULATION 2-IX-301.00
14-304
# TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
U. S. GOVERNMENT
MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spocing ond oll copitol letters)
THIS COL. FOR AGENCY USE
MR. ROBERT O. PILAND
EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM OFFICE
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
# TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE (cont.)
| I?iFO TO: DR. PAUL LOWMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CEN•fi!B, <br />MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE GREENBELT, ET22, MANNED MARYLAND SPACECRAFT CENTER <br />HOUSTON, TEXAS |
|-|
| IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE TBE APPROPRIATE AUI'HORITIES AT |
| me TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FIIM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH |
| COVERS TBE Sou.rBWESTERN O,S.) TO MB., LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3 |
| DAYS. MR. CHILOO WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO <br />• MICROSENSITOMETER. |
| FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR CROSELSTOMEDERX THE PURPOSE OF THESE |
| MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE _ S-5 70 mm |
| PHOTOGRAPHY ON GT-4. WE REFER 'ro A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BE'lWEEN |
| EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, OMSF, LAST NIGHT. |
| WHIU: MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA |
| CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT P.Rml'S .AND ONE (l.) |
| DUPLICATE NIDATIVE OF SEIECTED FRAMF.S UBING VERY FID-GRAINED |
| MATERIALS WHICH GIVE .AIMOST 1~ TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FIIM |
| WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON |
| AREA. |
[page 172]
NAME OF AGENCY
<empty>
ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION
<empty>
PRECEDENCE
THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT
ACTION: <empty>
INFO.: <empty>
TYPE OF MESSAGE
[ ] SINGLE
[ ] BOOK
[ ] MULTI-ADDRESS
CLASSIFICATION
STANDARD FORM 14 REV. MARCH 15, 1957
GSA REGULATION 2-IX-301.00
14-304
# TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
U. S. GOVERNMENT
MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spacing and all capital letters)
THIS COL. FOR AGENCY USE
PAGE TWO
DR. PAUL LOWMAN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE S-5 EXPERIMENT HAS CONCURRED IN THESE ARRANGEMENTS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT MR. LEO CHILDS WILL SAFEGUARD THE FILM IN TRANSIT AND AT DATA CORPORATION. AT DATA CORPORATION THE CONTACTS ARE MR. WILLIAM GOROG, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND MR. ROBERT BOONE. WE WILL GREATLY APPRECIATE YOUR EXPEDITING OUR OBTAINING THIS IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DATA WHICH CAN BE ACQUIRED FROM THE S-5 70 mm FILM.
WILLIS B. FOSTER
DIRECTOR
MANNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS
cc: MG/Schneider
MGS/Liccardi
SM/Colvocoreses
START MESSAGE ADDRESS HERE
DO NOT TYPE MESSAGE BEYOND THIS LINE
NAME AND TITLE OF ORIGINATOR (Type): Jocelyn R. Gill
Chief, Inflight Sciences
Jocelyn n.
ORIGINATOR'S TEL. NO.: 20593
I certify that this message is official business, is not personal, and is in the interest of the Government.
15/ R. J. Allender
(Signature)
PAGE NO.
2
NO. OF PAGES
2
DATE AND TIME PREPARED
7/16/65 2:00 p.m.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
UNCLASSIFIED
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1964 0-724-475
[page 173]
SM (JRG: kby)
JUL 14 1965
Dr. Karl G. Henize
Dearborn Observatory
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois 60201
## Dear Karl:
Thank you so much for your letter of 24 June telling me that you were not present at the GT-4 debriefing. I am sorry you could not make it, but I am aware that the rescheduling was most inconvenient. It was a most interesting two-day session with one day for the individual experimenters and another day for the general scientific public.
I am attempting to plan the next Inflight Experimenters meeting to occur in juxtaposition with the Scientific Debriefing Sessions in Houston. At present, we are hoping for a whole week of meetings in Houston, August 30 - September 3. So put this on your calendar with the thought that last- minute shifts are still the order of the day in this business.
[page 175]
# DEARBOR OBSERVATORY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS 60201
24 June 1965
Dr. Jocelyn Gill
Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch
Code SM
Manned Space Science Programs
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D. C. 20546
Dear Jocelyn:
# DEARBOR OBSERVATORY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS 60201 (cont.)
In connection with the astronaut debriefing conference,
I 'm sorry if
my lack of attendance has caused you any embarrassment . I simply couldn 't make it on such short notice . I was at the University of Wisconsin when the news reached me on Wednesday morning . Having just driven for three hours to get there I was reluctant to turn around and leave lmmediately as would have been required for me to catch a late afternoon plane to Houston .
I hope that itmight be possible for me to attend the next debriefing
in which the astronauts may be discussing either open hatch activities, spacecraft stabilization, or operation of the General Purpose Camera.
As you are probably alreaey aware , I have just received an invitation
from Dr. Newell to become a member of the Astronomy Advisory Subcommittee . I am delighted both for the honor of having been so chosen and also by the implication that astronomical observations from manned space vehicles have at last been recognized as worthwhile scientific activities. I thank you for your very considerable efforts in backing my original proposals and in making itpossible for this whole situation to develop so favorably.
Sincerely,
<signature>
Karl G. Henize
KGH:mjw
[page 176]
GT-4 file
## SM (JRG: cvd)
JUL 14 1965
TO: Manned Spacecraft Center
Chief, Photographic Division, Code BT2
FROM: NASA Headquarters
Chief, Inflight Sciences.
SUBJECT:
Request for duplicate movie films and color prints of
all 70 mm, hand-held pictu~es
One copy of each of color movie films which include sunsets, sunrises, horizon bands, limb of earth and terrain views is re- quested to be forwarded to Dr. J.R. Gill, Code SM, NASA Head- quarters. Please send these air mail since this material is. needed soon for preparation of an astronomical report on GT-4. One of the most important films for this purpose is Magazine 9.
Two sets of color prints of all color still pictures which were taken with Hasselblad 70 mm camera (on GT-4) are also requested. It will be adequate to send these by regular mail. These prints pertain mainly to the S-5 and S-6 Gemini Experiments.
Jocelyn R. Gill
Jocelyn R. Gill
[page 177]
GT-4 file
# DEARBOR OBSERVATORY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS 60201 (cont.)
## SM (JRG: cvd) (cont.)
SM (JRC:kby)
JUL 1 1965
- TO Manned Spacecraft Center
Mr. Robert O. Piland, Deputy Manager
Apollo Spacecraft Program Office
FROM 1 Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch
Manned Space Science Programs
SUBJECT: Request for copies of transcript of voice tape from GT-4
As per our telephone conversation some days ago, the following persons will greatly appreciate receipt of copies of subject transcript, viz.
1. Dr. Franklin Roach
National Bureau of Standards
Bureau of Central Radio Propagation
Boulder, Colorado
2. Mr. Laurence Dunkelman
Institute for Defense Analyses
400 Army-Navy Drive
Arlington, Virginia
3. Mrs. Winifred Cameron
Code 641
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland
4. Dr. J. R. Gill
Code SM
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C. 20546
# DEARBOR OBSERVATORY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS 60201 (cont.)
## SM (JRG: cvd) (cont.)
Jocelyn R. Gill
Jocelyn R. Gill
cc: MGS/Mr. Liccardi
SM Reading Files SM File: Sci. debriefing GT-4 file
| CONCURRE NC ES: SM : JRGill : kb | CONCURRE NC ES: SM : JRGill : kb | 20593 | 7 1 65 | | | OFFICIAL FILE COPY |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| OFFICE CODE ► | | | | | | |
| SIGNATURE ► | | | | | | |
| DATE-> | | | | | | |
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 16-77210-1
[page 178]
SM (JRG: kby)
JUN 17 1965
Dr. Elizabeth Roemer
U.S. Naval Observatory
Flagstaff Station
Flagstaff, Arizona
Dear Pat:
Thank you so very much for responding to my request for ecmet photographs and ephemerides so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject.
I do not know how you managed to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing was perfect-- it arrived just in time so I could forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them.
Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not difficult from that standpoint.
Thanks again for your contribution to the GT-4 mission.
Best regards,
Sincerely yours,
Jocelyn R. Gill
Jocelyn R. Gill
Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch
Manned Space Science Programs
cc: SM Files
SM: JRGill: kby 20593 6/7/65
[page 179]
SM (JRG: kby)
JUN 17 1965
Dr. Elizabeth Roemer
U.S. Naval Observatory
Flagstaff Station
Flagstaff, Arizona
# DEARBOR OBSERVATORY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS 60201 (cont.)
## Dear Pat:
Thank you so very much for responding to my request for comet photographs and ephemerides so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject.
I do not know how you managed to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing was perfect it arrived just in time so I could -- forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them.
Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not difficult from that standpoint.
Thanks again for your contribution to the CT-4 mission.
Best regards,
Sincerely yours,
Jocelyn R. Gill
Jocelyn R. Gill
Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch
Manned Space Science Programs
cc:
SM Files
SM: JRG111: kby 20593 6/7/65
[page 180]
SM (JRG: kby)
JUN 17 1965
Dr. Elizabeth Roemer
U.S. Naval Observatory
Flagstaff Station
Flagstaff, Arizona
Dear Pat:
Thank you so very much for responding to my request for somet photographs and ephemerides so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject.
I do not know how you managed to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing was perfect--it arrived just in time so I could forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them.
Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not difficult from that standpoint.
Thanks again for your contribution to the GT-h mission.
Best regards,
Sincerely yours,
Jocelyn R. Gill
Jocelyn R. Gill
Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch
Hanned Space Science Programs
cc:
SM Files
SM: JRG111: kby 20593 6/7/65
[page 181]
SM (JRG:kby)
JUN 17 1965
Dr. Elizabeth Roemer
U.S. Naval Observatory
Flagstaff Station
Flagstaff, Arizons
[page 183]
Fife Sem. IJ (EARTH ATLAS) Gemini TV Strip photos (P. Lowmen) Sw
Key information:
- Postmark: FLAGSTAFF, ARIZ. JAN 3 - '60
- Postage: U.S. POSTAGE 20¢
From
[page 187]
Key entities identified:
* **Geological Formations:**
* Quaternary alluvium
* Mesozoic (igneous)
* **Geographical Features:**
* California zone(?)
* Sierra Pinta
* Colorado River
* Cultivated Fields
* Ephemeral stream
* Gulf of California
[page 190]
F61228
GIOHTO
J. R. See
Cole SM
NASA HQ
Wash. D.e.
[page 191]
* **U.S. - MEXICO** (indicating the border)
* **N** (North direction indicator)
* **Kitt Peak**
* **Baboquivari Peak**
* **Route 286**
* **Nogales**
[page 193]
* Tucson
* Mt. Wrightson
* Apache Peak
* Mt. Glen
* U.S. - Mexico border (indicated by a dashed line)
* Nogales
* Miller Peak
* Bisbee
A compass rose indicates North. The map is marked with "#9".
[page 194]
F512229
COVOA
J. R. Lee
Code SM
NASA HP
Wash., D.C.
[page 195]
Key entities and annotations:
* **N:** Indicates North.
* **So. Pacific Willcox (playa) Flat:** Identifies a flat area, likely a dry lake bed, associated with the Southern Pacific Railroad and Willcox.
* **San Pedro Valley:** Label for a valley.
* **Sulphur Springs Valley:** Label for another valley.
* **Miller Peak:** Names a mountain peak.
* **Sitson:** A place name.
* **Do:** A place name (potentially incomplete).
* **#10:** A number, likely an identification or reference number for the image.
[page 197]
Key entities and information:
* **North Arrow:** Indicated by "N" at the top.
* **Mountain Ranges:** "Das Cabezas Mts." and "Peloncillo Mts." are labeled.
* **Peak:** "Chiricahua Peak" is identified.
* **International Border:** A dashed line denotes the border between "U.S. MEXICO".
* **Town:** "Douglas" is marked.
* **Cultivated Fields:** Labeled as "cultivated fields" in the upper left quadrant.
* **States:** "Arizona" and "New Mexico" are indicated along the border.
* **Image Number:** "# 11" is written at the bottom right.
[page 203]
The number "#14" is also noted in the bottom right corner.
[page 205]
Key entities and features:
* **U.S. / MEXICO**: Indicates the border.
* **Hueco Basin**: A geographical basin.
* **Hueco Mts.**: Mountains.
* **Rio Grande R.**: The Rio Grande River.
* **Finlay Mts.**: Mountains.
* **Sierra del Muerto**: Mountains.
* **MZ C / O H ARA**: Unclear annotations, possibly related to a survey or project.
* **#15**: A number, likely an identifier for the image or map.
[page 206]
J. R. Sill
Cole Sm
NASA HQ
Wash, D.C.
F61422A
POLAROID
[page 209]
**Key Entities:**
* Guadalupe Mts.
* Guadalupe Peak
* Salt Basin
* Delaware Mts.
* U.S. 180-62
* Apache Mts.
* Davis Mts.
* U.S.
* Mexico
* Rio Grande R.
* Quitman Mts.
* Tian Vis
* #17
[page 210]
J. R. Sill
Code S
NASA HP
Wash. D. C.
10
CI
11
2
S
CIGHTEE
[page 211]
* **Pecos River**
* **Red Bluff Reservoir**
* **Rio Grande R**
* **Apache Mts.**
* **Davis Mts.**
* **Marfa Plain**
* A notation "N" indicating North.
* A circled "18" in the upper right.
* A handwritten note and "#18" at the bottom right.
[page 212]
FOLAROID
F612928
[page 214]
J.R. Fill
Cole SM
NASA NO
Wach. D.C.
9
F51276
CICHO
[page 215]
Key entities labeled include:
* Llano Estacada
* Midland
* Midland-Odessa Airport
* Odessa
* Toyah Basin
* Edwards Plateau
* Pecos River
* Davis Mountains (labeled as "Davis Mts." and "Davis Mts.")
There is also a circled number "20" and a handwritten "#20" in the lower right corner.
[page 216]
POLAROID
F512329
[page 217]
* Midland
* Odessa
* Pecos R.
* Stockton Plateau
There is also an arrow symbol and some illegible handwritten text in the upper portion of the image. A number "21" is visible at the bottom right.
[page 218]
J.R. Sill
Cole Sr
NASA HO
Wash. D. C
L F512E2D
CON
[page 219]
Key entities:
* **Big Spring**: Labeled on the left side.
* **36th Creek**: Labeled in the upper left quadrant.
* **Lake Thomas**: Labeled below Big Spring.
* **Midland**: Labeled below Lake Thomas.
* **Odessa**: Labeled below Midland.
* **Edwards Plateau**: Labeled in the center-right.
* A north arrow is indicated in the upper left corner.
* A number "#22" is marked at the bottom right.
[page 220]
1
POLAROID
F6122D
[page 221]
Key Information:
* **"San Angelo"**: Handwritten text in the lower right quadrant of the image.
* **Arrow with "N"**: Handwritten notation in the upper left quadrant, likely indicating North.
* **Circles with numbers**: Handwritten circles in the upper right quadrant with numbers "32" and "23" within them.
* **"#23"**: Handwritten number at the bottom center of the image.
#23
[page 222]
J. B. fiel
Code SM
NASA 189
Wash. D. C.
F514E2A
CONV70
[page 223]
* **Abilene**
* **U.S. 283**
* **U.S. 84**
* **Colorado**
* **U.S. 277**
* **U.S. 367**
* **Fort Angora**
* **Edwards Plateau**
* **San Saba River**
* **Llano River**
[page 224]
J. R. Jel
Carde SM
NASA N
Wash, D. @
F51432A
POLAROIDImage notes
122 visual notes
Page 6
The image shows a close-up of a space helmet and upper torso of a spacesuit. The helmet is white with a dark, reflective visor and a clear outer bubble. It has a layered construction with visible hinges and locking mechanisms. The spacesuit appears to be white and bulky, with a metallic ring around the neck area where the helmet attaches. A cable or strap extends from the helmet area down the suit. There is a patch visible on the right side of the chest. The text "MG5-8120" is visible near the bottom right.
Page 5
The image displays two space suits, labeled "G-3C" and "G-4C." The "G-3C" suit is shown with a connected external life support unit. The image is titled "SPACE SUITS."
Page 5
The image shows a headshot of an astronaut wearing a space helmet. The helmet is white with a clear visor and features a metallic neck ring. The astronaut's suit is also visible, and a patch is affixed to the chest area. The image has a caption "MG5-8119" in the lower right corner. Text above the image reads "G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET".
Page 6
| Layer Type | Material | Weight (oz/yd²) | Use | | :------------------------------ | :------------------------------ | :-------------- | :--------------------------------------- | | **Thermal and Micrometeoroid Layers** | | | | | Outer Protective Layer | HT-1 Nylon | 6.8 (white) | Wear and Solar Reflectance | | Micrometeoroid Absorber | HT-1 Nylon | 8 (white) | Micrometeoroid and Thermal Protection | | Multi Layer Insulation | (5.5 oz/yd² Total) | - | Thermal Protection | | Inner Micrometeoroid Stopper | HT-1 Nylon (each 6.8 white) | 6.8 (white) | Wear and Micrometeoroid Protection | | Aluminized Mylar Separators | 7 Layers Aluminized Mylar | - | (Separated by Dacron Spacers) | | Dacron Spacers | 7 Layers Unwoven Dacron Spacers | - | (Separating Mylar) | | **Pressure and Restraint Layers** | | | | | Constant Wear Undergarment | Cotton | 3 (white) | - | | Comfort Layer | Oxford Nylon | 3 (blue) | - | | Pressure Layer | Neoprene Coated Nylon | 7-1/2 | - | | Restraint Layer | Link Net Dacron and Teflon | 1-1/4 | - | | **Coverlayer** | | | | | G-3C | - | 6.8 | Thickness: .013 inches | | G-4C | - | 39.9 | Thickness: .312 inches |
Page 7
The image shows a zero g Integral Propulsion (ZIP) Unit, a handheld device for extravehicular maneuvering. It features a forward-firing nozzle and two aft-firing nozzles for propulsion, controlled by the operator. The unit also includes a mounted camera for photography.
Page 9
This image is an illustration of the Gemini spacecraft, specifically detailing its interior components. It depicts two astronauts inside the capsule, surrounded by various systems including propellant tanks and thrusters. The text indicates this is a "MISSION OPERATION REPORT" for "GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4)."
Page 9
The image is the NASA logo, which is a black circle with a white "NASA" text. A red stripe sweeps around the circle, and there are white stars and an orbit. Text above the logo reads "GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4)" and "OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT".
Page 11
| Component | Length (Ft) | |---|---| | Rendezvous guidance & recovery system (Topmost section) | 11 | | Re-entry capsule | 8 | | Adapter section | 18.6 | | Oxidizer tank (Upper) | 27 | | Fuel tank (Upper) | 10 | | Oxidizer tank (Lower) | 70.65 | | Fuel tank (Lower) | 108 (Total length including stage I) | **Equipment bay contains:** * Batteries * Malfunction detection system (MDS) units * Range safety command control system * Programmer * Three-axis reference system (TARS) * Radio guidance system (RGS) * Autopilot * Instrumentation and telemetry system
Page 12
The image depicts three abort procedures for a spacecraft at different altitudes and velocities. **Mode I - Eject After Shutdown:** Initiated at 15,000 ft with a parachute deployment. This mode takes 50 seconds to reach sea level. **Mode II - Salvo Retros After Shutdown:** * **Delayed Mode II (Wait 5 Secs):** Initiated at 78,000 ft with a retrofire and subsequent parachute deployment. This also takes 50 seconds to reach sea level. * Another pathway for Mode II is shown descending from 20,700 FPS velocity, reaching 78,000 ft and then proceeding similarly to the delayed mode. **Mode III - Shutdown, Separate, Turn Around, Retrofire:** Initiated at 20,700 FPS velocity and 78,000 ft. This mode takes 5 minutes and 10 seconds. The diagram shows a separation and a turn-around maneuver before a retrofire, with the trajectory leading to a descent that appears to end before sea level, possibly at a higher altitude or a different outcome.
Page 14
The image displays photographic equipment related to "D-1 Basic Object Photography." The experiment aims to evaluate technical challenges in observing, evaluating, and photographing space objects like the launch vehicle's second stage and celestial bodies such as the moon. The data collected will assess astronauts' object viewing, tracking abilities, and spacecraft maneuvering for maintaining object-camera orientation. Equipment includes camera bodies, lenses, a grip, and potentially other accessories.
Page 0
The image displays equipment labeled "D-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY." The equipment appears to be part of a spacecraft's interior, featuring a camera mounted on a mechanical arm positioned near a circular opening. The overall context suggests an experimental setup for surface photography, possibly related to space missions. The label "MG5-8125" is also visible in the lower right corner.
Page 15
The image displays equipment labeled "D-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY." The equipment appears to be part of a spacecraft's interior, featuring a camera mounted on a mechanical arm positioned near a circular opening. The overall context suggests an experimental setup for surface photography, possibly related to space missions. The label "MG5-8125" is also visible in the lower right corner.
Page 16
The image depicts a "D-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION" experiment, focusing on a "HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT". The experiment aims to develop and test navigation procedures using a simple stadimetric device and a sextant, with sightings made using the horizon and stars as references. The collected data will be used to compute orbital parameters and assess the accuracy of these procedures.
Page 15
The image is a photograph of a D-8 radiation portable unit in a spacecraft. A hand is shown holding a spherical component attached to a coiled wire. The unit appears to be mounted within a larger structure. The image is labeled "FIG. 5" and has the identifier "MG5-8095".
Page 16
The image displays an "M-3 IN-FLIGHT EXERCISER". A photograph on the left shows an astronaut in a spacecraft cockpit, seemingly interacting with the exerciser. The exerciser itself, depicted on the right, consists of a hand grip, a bungee cord system, and a weighted end. The purpose of this device is to assess astronauts' physical work capacity under spacecraft conditions, using monitored exercises and pulse rate tracking to compare inflight data with pre-flight control data.
Page 0
- **Experiment Title:** M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram - **Purpose:** To measure the fatigue stage of an astronaut's heart muscle during long-duration flights. - **Method:** A microphone (phonocardiogram transducer) is applied to the astronaut's chest at the cardiac apex to record heart sounds. These recordings are compared with simultaneous in-flight electrocardiograms to determine the time interval between electrical activation and the onset of ventricular systole. - **Components shown:** Prototype phonocardiogram transducer and signal conditioner, and an astronaut with electrodes attached to the chest for electrocardiogram monitoring.
Page 17
- **Experiment Title:** M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram - **Purpose:** To measure the fatigue stage of an astronaut's heart muscle during long-duration flights. - **Method:** A microphone (phonocardiogram transducer) is applied to the astronaut's chest at the cardiac apex to record heart sounds. These recordings are compared with simultaneous in-flight electrocardiograms to determine the time interval between electrical activation and the onset of ventricular systole. - **Components shown:** Prototype phonocardiogram transducer and signal conditioner, and an astronaut with electrodes attached to the chest for electrocardiogram monitoring.
Page 17
* **Experiment Name:** Gemini Experiment No. M-6, Bone Demineralization * **Purpose:** To establish the degree of bone deterioration. * **Equipment:** Standard X-ray. * **Procedure:** Pre and post-flight X-ray. * **Image Content:** A laboratory image depicting a person in a white coat performing an X-ray procedure.
Page 0
The image displays three components: 1. A cylindrical device with a flange, likely the electrostatic potential meter. 2. A section of a spacecraft interior, showing wiring and structural elements. 3. A rectangular electronic unit with various connectors and labels, possibly related to the detector or its power/data interface.
Page 18
**MSC-1 Electrostatic Charge** This document describes an experiment to investigate the potential hazard of electrostatic charge discharge during spacecraft rendezvous missions. An electrostatic potential meter will be used to measure accumulated charge on the spacecraft's surface, which may be caused by engine exhaust ionization. The data will be analyzed to determine if the charge poses a rendezvous hazard. Figure 10 shows the detector installation. The image displays three components: 1. A cylindrical device with a flange, likely the electrostatic potential meter. 2. A section of a spacecraft interior, showing wiring and structural elements. 3. A rectangular electronic unit with various connectors and labels, possibly related to the detector or its power/data interface.
Page 18
The image displays the "MSC-2 PROTON ELECTRON SPECTROMETER." The accompanying text describes the experiment's purpose: to measure the quantity and energy of protons and electrons outside an orbiting spacecraft using a scintillating-crystal, charged-particle analyzer. The data will be used to correlate internal radiation measurements and predict future radiation levels. Figure 11 shows the installation of this spectrometer.
Page 0
The image shows the MSC-3 Tri-Axis Magnetometer, a fluxgate magnetometer designed to measure the direction and magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field with respect to a spacecraft. It is mounted in the adapter assembly of the spacecraft.
Page 19
The image shows the MSC-3 Tri-Axis Magnetometer, a fluxgate magnetometer designed to measure the direction and magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field with respect to a spacecraft. It is mounted in the adapter assembly of the spacecraft.
Page 0
The image shows a camera labeled "MSC-10 TWO-COLOR EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS". This camera will be used with black and white film and a special filter mosaic to capture images of the Earth's limb. The purpose of these photographs is to evaluate limb radiance and determine if the sunlit Earth's limit is reliably observable in the short-visible or near-ultraviolet spectral regions.
Page 19
The image shows a camera labeled "MSC-10 TWO-COLOR EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS". This camera will be used with black and white film and a special filter mosaic to capture images of the Earth's limb. The purpose of these photographs is to evaluate limb radiance and determine if the sunlit Earth's limit is reliably observable in the short-visible or near-ultraviolet spectral regions.
Page 0
The image displays a black and white aerial photograph of a snowy, mountainous terrain. The snow-covered peaks and valleys are sharply defined against a dark background, showcasing the rugged topography.
Page 20
The image displays a black and white aerial photograph of a snowy, mountainous terrain. The snow-covered peaks and valleys are sharply defined against a dark background, showcasing the rugged topography.
Page 20
* **Experiment:** Gemini Experiment No. S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography * **Purpose:** Obtain high-quality cloud photographs. * **Equipment:** 70 mm camera and film. * **Weight:** 1 lb. * **Volume:** 0.036 cu. ft. * **Procedure:** Position spacecraft and take photographs. * **Location:** Pressurized cabin. * **Subject of Photograph:** Clouds and the Burma West Coast, west of Rangoon. * **Photographer:** Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. * **Mission:** MA-9.
Page 0
The image is a black and white photograph of Edward H. White, II, an American astronaut. He is wearing a NASA flight suit.
Page 21
James A. McDivitt is the Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission.
Page 21
The image is a black and white photograph of Edward H. White, II, an American astronaut. He is wearing a NASA flight suit.
Page 0
The image is a black and white photograph of Frank Borman. He is wearing a suit and tie. A caption below him reads "Frank Borman".
Page 22
James A. Lovell, Jr.
Page 22
The image is a black and white photograph of Frank Borman. He is wearing a suit and tie. A caption below him reads "Frank Borman".
Page 23
| Time (MM:SS) | Altitude (N.M.) | Range (N.M.) | Event/Mode | |---|---|---|---| | 0:00 | 0 | 0 | Lift Off | | 0:10 | 500 | ~2 | Start Roll 085° | | 0:20 | 2000 | ~4 | Stop Roll 072° | | 0:23 | 2500 | ~5 | Start Pitch | | 0:50 | 15000 | ~15 | Change Abort Mode | | 1:03 | 25000 | ~20 | Mach One | | 1:19 | 42000 | ~25 | Max Q | | 1:40 | 75000 | ~30 | Change Abort Mode | | 2:34 | ~150000 | ~40 | BECO 5.5G's | | 2:48 | ~170000 | ~45 | Start Radio Guidance | | 5:10 | 200000 | ~100 | Change Abort Mode | | 5:36 | 87 | ~380 | SECO 7G's | | 5:58 | 87 | ~400 | S/C SEP | | - | - | - | **Mode I: Eject** | | - | - | - | **Mode II: Shutdown, Salvo Retros, Jettison Retro Section, Landing Sequence** | | - | - | - | **Delayed Mode II: Shutdown, Wait 5 Seconds, Salvo Retros, Jettison Retro Section, Landing Sequence** | | - | - | - | **Mode III: Shutdown, Separate S/C, Retro & Reentry Sequence** |
Page 26
| Altitude (Feet) | Event | | --------------- | ----------------------------------- | | 50,000 | High Altitude Drogue Chute Deployed | | 21,000 | Open Cabin Vent Valve | | 10,600 | Pilot Parachute Deployed | | 9,600 | R & R Section Separation | | 9,000 | Main Chute Deployment | | 6,700 | Two-Point Suspension | | 1,500 | Cabin Water Seal Closed | | Sea Level | Touchdown | | Sea Level | Jettison Chute |
Page 27
| Level | Department | |---|---| | Top | PROGRAM MANAGEMENT | | Middle | NASA HEADQUARTERS Office of Manned Space Flight | | Bottom | PROJECT MANAGEMENT Manned Spacecraft Center |
Page 0
This is an organizational chart for "OPERATIONS ORGANIZATION FOR MISSION PERIOD".
Page 27
This is an organizational chart for "OPERATIONS ORGANIZATION FOR MISSION PERIOD". | Top Level | Second Level | Third Level | Fourth Level | | :----------------- | :------------------------ | :--------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | MISSION DIRECTOR | Gemini Program Manager | Deputy for Launch Operations | GLV Launch Director, Atlas/Agena Launch Director | | | | Deputy for Flight Operations | Flight Crew Director, S/C Communicator, Flight Control | | | | | Medical Director, Public Affairs Director | | | | | Flight Crew | | | | | Medical Monitor | | | | | Recovery Support Officer | | | | | Flight Support Officer | | | DOD Mgr for MSF Support Operations | DOD Recovery Director | | | Staff | | | Gemini Flight Ops Rep Requirements Coordinator, Security Officer, Meteorological. Group | | | | | Gemini S/C Test Conductor |
Page 29
The image is a map illustrating the "GT-4 MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK GEMINI." It displays orbital paths over the Earth, with various circles indicating ground station coverage or tracking ranges. Key geographical regions like the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the South Polar Region are visible. The tracks suggest a global flight path with multiple passes.
Page 31
| Location | Type | Notes | |----------------|------------------------------|--------------| | San Diego | | | | Patrick | | | | Albrook | | | | Kindley | Primary Recovery Area, CVS, DD | | | Lajes | DD, AO, DD | | | Las Palmas | | | | Lima | | | | Rio de Janeiro | | | | Ascension | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Kano | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Elisabethville | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Johannesburg | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Aden | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Mauritius | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Singapore | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Okinawa | DD, DD, DD, DD | | | Guam | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Townsville | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Hickam | Contingency Rescue Forces | | | Pago Pago | Contingency Rescue Forces | |
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| Entity | Details | |---|---| | Primary Recovery Zone | 480 miles in diameter | | Landing Footprint | Ellipse - 200 miles by 40 miles | | ARS Aircraft | Positioned 250 miles from the touchdown point | | Recovery Forces at Touchdown Point | USS Wasp and One Destroyer, 3 Wasp Helicopters, 1 Wasp Command Aircraft, 1 USAF SSB Relay Aircraft |
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| Entity | Quantity | Description | |---|---|---| | Minesweeper Ocean Going Ships (MSO) | 2 | Located within the landing footprint. | | USMC Amphibious Vehicles | Multiple | Located near the coast. | | USA M113 Lark Tanks | Multiple | Located on the coast. | | Helicopters | 4 | Part of the recovery forces. | | Photo Jets | 2 | Part of the recovery forces. | | Auxiliary Rescue Ship (ARS) | 1 | Located 50 miles away at a 72° angle. | | Landing Footprint | 1 | 27 miles long. |
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(49)
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[x] (65)
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68
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The image appears to be a hand-drawn diagram or chart, not a table that can be directly converted into a markdown table. It contains vertical rectangular boxes with letters inside, suggesting categories or labels.
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* **ASC**: A vertical box with the letters A, S, C. * **PRE**: A vertical box with the letters P, R, E. * **TAN**: A vertical box with the letters T, A, N, positioned to the right of "PRE". * **CRO**: A vertical box with the letters C, R, O, positioned below "PRE". * **NIGHT**: A large, vertically oriented shaded box with the letters N, I, G, H, T arranged vertically. This box spans a significant vertical portion of the image and appears to be a separate category or grouping.
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G TEX ANT
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The image appears to be a hand-drawn diagram or chart, not a table that can be directly converted into a markdown table. It contains vertical rectangular boxes with letters inside, suggesting categories or labels. Here's a breakdown of the key entities: * **ASC**: A vertical box with the letters A, S, C. * **PRE**: A vertical box with the letters P, R, E. * **TAN**: A vertical box with the letters T, A, N, positioned to the right of "PRE". * **CRO**: A vertical box with the letters C, R, O, positioned below "PRE". * **NIGHT**: A large, vertically oriented shaded box with the letters N, I, G, H, T arranged vertically. This box spans a significant vertical portion of the image and appears to be a separate category or grouping.
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HAN W
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The image contains text arranged in blocks, forming words.
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The image contains two vertical bars with text. One bar has the word "NIGHT" written vertically. The other bar, to the left and slightly overlapping the first, has the word "PRE" written vertically. To the left of the "PRE" bar is another vertical bar with the word "TAN" written vertically.
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TEX
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The image contains text arranged in blocks, forming words. - **ASC** - **TAN** - **PRE** - **NIGHT**
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T3X AVM G Y CNY V ANT
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US2 W
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It shows a piece of an "AIR MAIL" label. The label has red text "AIR" and "MAIL" with a blue band in between. Below "AIR" and within the blue band, it says "PAR AVION". There is a red stripe below the blue band. The label appears to be affixed to a brown surface, possibly cardboard. The date "AUG 30'65" and the text "Dr. J. B. Bliza Metallurgy" are present in the surrounding text, indicating this label was likely on an item mailed on that date to or from Dr. Bliza.
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Bavarian Restaurant & 727 11th
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The image shows a man and a woman sitting in what appears to be a control room or observation area. The man is wearing a suit and tie and holding a cup. The woman is wearing a plaid shirt. In the background, there is a console with various screens and equipment, suggesting a technical or scientific setting. The surrounding text mentions Gemini 5 mission control experiencing a computer memory system issue that was resolved in 11 minutes.
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The image shows a man and a woman sitting in what appears to be a control room or observation area. The man is wearing a suit and tie and holding a cup. The woman is wearing a plaid shirt. In the background, there is a console with various screens and equipment, suggesting a technical or scientific setting. The surrounding text mentions Gemini 5 mission control experiencing a computer memory system issue that was resolved in 11 minutes.
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* **Name:** N. Foster * **Topic:** Photography * **Identifier:** 134-57817 * **Notes:** * Problem: Focus! * Method: Do it in custom way, depends on light intensity. * Associated entities: GSF C, Otto Berg, "P" (likely a project or subject), Hurricane Madison, Smithsonian Institution, "Dabing" (possibly a person or project), "Nockets" (possibly a subject or equipment). * Other details: "perig," "15#/m²", "Kuulsiven", "UV spectrophs the", "forces not ly", "emf".
Page 168
The image is a seal for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA. It features a planet with a ring, a spacecraft orbiting it, and stars in the background. The text "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION" encircles the graphic, with "USA" below.
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The image is a circular logo with text around the perimeter. The text reads "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION" and "U.S.A." The central design features a ringed planet, a moon, and a stylized spacecraft with a trailing line.
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This image shows a U.S. postage stamp and postmark.
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This image shows a U.S. postage stamp and postmark. Key information: - Postmark: FLAGSTAFF, ARIZ. JAN 3 - '60 - Postage: U.S. POSTAGE 20¢
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The image appears to be a geological map or aerial photograph with geological annotations. Key information includes:
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* **Location:** Bahia Todor Santos * **Geological Features:** * Mesozoic igneous rocks * Quaternary alluvium * Sierra de Juarez (indicated by dashed lines suggesting a geological boundary or feature) * A marked area with dashed lines, possibly representing a specific zone or formation. * Annotations suggesting "fracture" and a numbered point "(fracture B)". * **Orientation:** North (N) is indicated. * **Identifier:** "#1" is written at the bottom.
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No. 55 6 x 9 BELMONT CLASP
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The image appears to be a geological map or aerial photograph with geological annotations. Key information includes: * **Location:** Bahia Todor Santos * **Geological Features:** * Mesozoic igneous rocks * Quaternary alluvium * Sierra de Juarez (indicated by dashed lines suggesting a geological boundary or feature) * A marked area with dashed lines, possibly representing a specific zone or formation. * Annotations suggesting "fracture" and a numbered point "(fracture B)". * **Orientation:** North (N) is indicated. * **Identifier:** "#1" is written at the bottom.
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This is a geological map of an area featuring various geological formations and geographical features.
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The image is labeled with "N" indicating North and "#2" in the bottom right corner.
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This is a geological map of an area featuring various geological formations and geographical features. Key entities identified: * **Geological Formations:** * Quaternary alluvium * Mesozoic (igneous) * **Geographical Features:** * California zone(?) * Sierra Pinta * Colorado River * Cultivated Fields * Ephemeral stream * Gulf of California The image is labeled with "N" indicating North and "#2" in the bottom right corner.
Page 189
This is a black and white aerial photograph showing a border region between Arizona (U.S.) and Sonora (Mexico). A dashed line likely indicates the international border. The terrain appears arid, with mountainous and valley features visible. The photograph is labeled with "#6".
Page 191
The image is a black and white aerial photograph of a mountainous and desert region. Key features labeled on the photograph include:
Page 191
The photograph appears to be a map or aerial survey of an area along the U.S.-Mexico border, highlighting prominent geographical features and a specific highway. There is also a handwritten number "#7" in the bottom right corner.
Page 191
The image is a black and white aerial photograph of a mountainous and desert region. Key features labeled on the photograph include: * **U.S. - MEXICO** (indicating the border) * **N** (North direction indicator) * **Kitt Peak** * **Baboquivari Peak** * **Route 286** * **Nogales** The photograph appears to be a map or aerial survey of an area along the U.S.-Mexico border, highlighting prominent geographical features and a specific highway. There is also a handwritten number "#7" in the bottom right corner.
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This image is a map of a mountainous region. Key locations labeled include:
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The image is a black and white aerial photograph with handwritten annotations. It appears to be a map of a desert region.
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This image is a map of a mountainous region. Key locations labeled include: * Tucson * Mt. Wrightson * Apache Peak * Mt. Glen * U.S. - Mexico border (indicated by a dashed line) * Nogales * Miller Peak * Bisbee A compass rose indicates North. The map is marked with "#9".
Page 195
The image is a black and white aerial photograph with handwritten annotations. It appears to be a map of a desert region. Key entities and annotations: * **N:** Indicates North. * **So. Pacific Willcox (playa) Flat:** Identifies a flat area, likely a dry lake bed, associated with the Southern Pacific Railroad and Willcox. * **San Pedro Valley:** Label for a valley. * **Sulphur Springs Valley:** Label for another valley. * **Miller Peak:** Names a mountain peak. * **Sitson:** A place name. * **Do:** A place name (potentially incomplete). * **#10:** A number, likely an identification or reference number for the image.
Page 197
The image is a black and white aerial photograph of a mountainous region, likely in the Southwestern United States and Mexico.
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The image is a black and white aerial photograph of a mountainous region, likely in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Key entities and information: * **North Arrow:** Indicated by "N" at the top. * **Mountain Ranges:** "Das Cabezas Mts." and "Peloncillo Mts." are labeled. * **Peak:** "Chiricahua Peak" is identified. * **International Border:** A dashed line denotes the border between "U.S. MEXICO". * **Town:** "Douglas" is marked. * **Cultivated Fields:** Labeled as "cultivated fields" in the upper left quadrant. * **States:** "Arizona" and "New Mexico" are indicated along the border. * **Image Number:** "# 11" is written at the bottom right.
Page 199
This image is a map with handwritten annotations, likely a topographic map or aerial photograph. Key entities and locations marked include:
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* **Boundaries:** U.S.-Mexico border. * **Rivers/Water Bodies:** Rio de Janos, Playas Lake. * **Geographical Features:** Llanos Carretas, Cedar Heights, Ca. Grandes, Maspuitar. * **Other Markings:** "So. Puc. Rr." (likely a railway line), "Animas Peak", "N" (indicating North). * **Identifier:** "#12" at the top left.
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This image is a map with handwritten annotations, likely a topographic map or aerial photograph. Key entities and locations marked include: * **Boundaries:** U.S.-Mexico border. * **Rivers/Water Bodies:** Rio de Janos, Playas Lake. * **Geographical Features:** Llanos Carretas, Cedar Heights, Ca. Grandes, Maspuitar. * **Other Markings:** "So. Puc. Rr." (likely a railway line), "Animas Peak", "N" (indicating North). * **Identifier:** "#12" at the top left.
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The image is a black and white aerial photograph with handwritten labels indicating geographical features. The key entities identified are:
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* **N:** Likely indicating North. * **Florida Mts.:** A mountain range. * **Sierra Carrizalillo:** A mountain range or sierra. * **Sierra Boca Grande:** A geographic feature, possibly a large mouth or opening. * **Casas Grandes R.:** Likely referring to the Casas Grandes River. * **Laguna de Guzman (Playa):** A lagoon or lake, possibly a dry lakebed (playa). * **#B:** A marking or identifier, possibly a label for the photograph.
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The image is a black and white aerial photograph with handwritten labels indicating geographical features. The key entities identified are: * **N:** Likely indicating North. * **Florida Mts.:** A mountain range. * **Sierra Carrizalillo:** A mountain range or sierra. * **Sierra Boca Grande:** A geographic feature, possibly a large mouth or opening. * **Casas Grandes R.:** Likely referring to the Casas Grandes River. * **Laguna de Guzman (Playa):** A lagoon or lake, possibly a dry lakebed (playa). * **#B:** A marking or identifier, possibly a label for the photograph.
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This image is a map or aerial photograph with handwritten annotations. Key entities and locations include:
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* **U.S. Mexico Border:** Indicated by a dashed line. * **W. Potillo Mts.** * **E. Potillo Mts.** * **Lava Flow** * **Kilburne Hole** * **So. Pac. R.R.** * **Franklin Mts.** * **El Paso** * **Rio Grande** * **Laguna de Guzman** * **R.R.** (labeled as "sandy desert" nearby) * **dunes**
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This image is a map or aerial photograph with handwritten annotations. Key entities and locations include: * **U.S. Mexico Border:** Indicated by a dashed line. * **W. Potillo Mts.** * **E. Potillo Mts.** * **Lava Flow** * **Kilburne Hole** * **So. Pac. R.R.** * **Franklin Mts.** * **El Paso** * **Rio Grande** * **Laguna de Guzman** * **R.R.** (labeled as "sandy desert" nearby) * **dunes** The number "#14" is also noted in the bottom right corner.
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This image is a map or aerial photograph with handwritten annotations indicating geographical features in the U.S. and Mexico.
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The image is a map with handwritten labels. Key entities include:
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* **Geographic Features:** * Cornudas Mts. * Salt Basin * Finlay Mts. * Devil Ridge * Quitman Mts. * Rio Grande R. * **Political Boundary:** * U.S. / MEXICO
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The image is labeled as "#16".
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This image is a map or aerial photograph with handwritten annotations indicating geographical features in the U.S. and Mexico. Key entities and features: * **U.S. / MEXICO**: Indicates the border. * **Hueco Basin**: A geographical basin. * **Hueco Mts.**: Mountains. * **Rio Grande R.**: The Rio Grande River. * **Finlay Mts.**: Mountains. * **Sierra del Muerto**: Mountains. * **MZ C / O H ARA**: Unclear annotations, possibly related to a survey or project. * **#15**: A number, likely an identifier for the image or map.
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The image is a map with handwritten labels. Key entities include: * **Geographic Features:** * Cornudas Mts. * Salt Basin * Finlay Mts. * Devil Ridge * Quitman Mts. * Rio Grande R. * **Political Boundary:** * U.S. / MEXICO A north arrow is also present. The image is labeled as "#16".
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The image is a map with handwritten labels identifying geographical features and locations.
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The image is a map with handwritten labels identifying geographical features and locations. **Key Entities:** * Guadalupe Mts. * Guadalupe Peak * Salt Basin * Delaware Mts. * U.S. 180-62 * Apache Mts. * Davis Mts. * U.S. * Mexico * Rio Grande R. * Quitman Mts. * Tian Vis * #17
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This image is a map or aerial photograph with handwritten labels. Key entities include:
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This is a map with handwritten labels. Key features identified are:
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* **Rivers:** Pecos R., Rio Grande R. * **Mountains:** Apache Mts., Davis Mts., Bavilla Mts., Glass Mts. * **Basin:** Toyah Basin * **Roads/Highways:** U.S. 80 * **Other Features:** Sand dunes, Mountains (labeled generally) * **Locations:** Ft. Stockton * **Annotation:** "#19" at the bottom right.
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This image is a map or aerial photograph with handwritten labels. Key entities include: * **Pecos River** * **Red Bluff Reservoir** * **Rio Grande R** * **Apache Mts.** * **Davis Mts.** * **Marfa Plain** * A notation "N" indicating North. * A circled "18" in the upper right. * A handwritten note and "#18" at the bottom right.
Page 213
This is a map with handwritten labels. Key features identified are: * **Rivers:** Pecos R., Rio Grande R. * **Mountains:** Apache Mts., Davis Mts., Bavilla Mts., Glass Mts. * **Basin:** Toyah Basin * **Roads/Highways:** U.S. 80 * **Other Features:** Sand dunes, Mountains (labeled generally) * **Locations:** Ft. Stockton * **Annotation:** "#19" at the bottom right.
Page 215
The image is a black and white aerial photograph of a geographical area with handwritten labels indicating various locations and features. A north arrow is present.
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This is an aerial photograph or map showing geographical features. Key labeled entities are:
Page 215
The image is a black and white aerial photograph of a geographical area with handwritten labels indicating various locations and features. A north arrow is present. Key entities labeled include: * Llano Estacada * Midland * Midland-Odessa Airport * Odessa * Toyah Basin * Edwards Plateau * Pecos River * Davis Mountains (labeled as "Davis Mts." and "Davis Mts.") There is also a circled number "20" and a handwritten "#20" in the lower right corner.
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This is an aerial photograph or map showing geographical features. Key labeled entities are: * Midland * Odessa * Pecos R. * Stockton Plateau There is also an arrow symbol and some illegible handwritten text in the upper portion of the image. A number "21" is visible at the bottom right.
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The image is a black and white aerial photograph showing a landscape with labeled geographical features and locations.
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The image is a black and white aerial photograph showing a landscape with labeled geographical features and locations. Key entities: * **Big Spring**: Labeled on the left side. * **36th Creek**: Labeled in the upper left quadrant. * **Lake Thomas**: Labeled below Big Spring. * **Midland**: Labeled below Lake Thomas. * **Odessa**: Labeled below Midland. * **Edwards Plateau**: Labeled in the center-right. * A north arrow is indicated in the upper left corner. * A number "#22" is marked at the bottom right.
Page 221
The image is a black and white photograph, likely an aerial or satellite view of a geographical area. There is text handwritten on the photograph.
Page 223
This is a map with handwritten labels indicating various locations and routes. Key entities include:
Page 221
The image is a black and white photograph, likely an aerial or satellite view of a geographical area. There is text handwritten on the photograph. Key Information: * **"San Angelo"**: Handwritten text in the lower right quadrant of the image. * **Arrow with "N"**: Handwritten notation in the upper left quadrant, likely indicating North. * **Circles with numbers**: Handwritten circles in the upper right quadrant with numbers "32" and "23" within them. * **"#23"**: Handwritten number at the bottom center of the image.
Page 223
This is a map with handwritten labels indicating various locations and routes. Key entities include: * **Abilene** * **U.S. 283** * **U.S. 84** * **Colorado** * **U.S. 277** * **U.S. 367** * **Fort Angora** * **Edwards Plateau** * **San Saba River** * **Llano River**
Page 5
[{"type":"photograph","description":"Black and white photograph showing two full-body views of space suits side by side, labeled G-3C (left) and G-4C (right). The G-3C suit is shown with a hose/umbilical connection and a portable life support box at its feet. The G-4C suit appears more streamlined. Both suits have helmets and gloves.","caption":"SPACE SUITS","figure_label":"FIG. 1"},{"type":"photograph","description":"Black and white close-up portrait photograph of an astronaut wearing the G-4C overvisor space helmet. The visor is raised and the astronaut's face is visible. The helmet has a large transparent visor assembly.","caption":"G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET","figure_label":null}]
Page 19
A document page containing two sections describing spacecraft experiments, each accompanied by a black-and-white photograph. The upper section shows a photograph of the MSC-3 Tri-Axis Magnetometer hardware installation. The lower section shows a photograph of the MSC-10 Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos camera equipment, which appears to be a hand-held camera with an attached filter assembly.
Page 29
A world map showing the GT-4 Manned Space Flight Network for the Gemini program. The map displays orbital ground tracks as sinusoidal curves crossing the globe, with multiple circular coverage zones (footprints) of tracking stations marked at various locations around the world. Three hole-punch marks are visible at the top of the page.
Page 184
The back side of a manila/kraft paper clasp envelope. The envelope flap is at the top and is partially torn. A metal brad/clasp fastener is visible near the top center. The bottom of the envelope shows printed manufacturer information in red ink. The envelope appears aged and slightly worn.
Page 185
A black-and-white aerial or orbital photograph of a geological terrain, annotated by hand with geological labels, dashed boundary lines, and directional indicators. The photograph is mounted on a white page and labeled '#1' in the lower right margin.
Page 199
```json { "visual_contents": "A black-and-white aerial or orbital photograph mounted on or inserted into a white envelope/sleeve. The photograph appears to show a terrain or landscape view from above, with handwritten annotations overlaid on the image. The photo is taped or adhered at the top and bottom edges with what appears to be transparent tape. A handwritten label 'U#' or similar marking appears at the top left of the photo mount, and the letter 'N' appears at the bottom center below the photograph.", "visible_text": [ "U#" , "N", "W x 100 1" (partially visible on right side, possibly scale notation), "U.S." (partially visible lower right), "Climas 17" (or similar, left-center area)", "Canyons" (left area)", "Rio Hondo" (or similar, left side)", "Burning" (or similar, center-right)", "Rio FF" (lower center area)", "San Rio Summation" (or similar, lower right)", "Various other partially legible handwritten annotations throughout the image" ], "identifiable_objects": [ "Aerial/orbital photograph of terrain", "White paper envelope or sleeve", "Transparent tape strips at top and bottom of photograph", "Handwritten annotations on photograph", "Dashed lines drawn on photograph indicating possible boundaries or flight paths", "North indicator ('N') below photograph" ], "composition_notes": "The page shows a white envelope or document sleeve centered on the page. A square aerial photograph is mounted within the sleeve, secured with tape at top and bottom. The photograph occupies roughly the central two-thirds of the page vertically. Handwritten annotations and dashed lines are drawn directly on the photograph surface. The overall orientation suggests the 'N' at the bottom may indicate north direction for the map/photo.", "colors": "Grayscale throughout; white background of envelope/sleeve, gray tones of aerial photograph showing terrain features, black handwritten ink annotations", "scale_indicators": [ "Notation on right side of photograph appears to reference 'W x 100' or similar scale/dimension notation", "Letter 'N' below photograph likely indicates north orientation", "Dashed lines on photograph may indicate measured distances or boundaries" ] } ```
Page 201
A black-and-white aerial or orbital photograph mounted on a white page, showing a terrain view with handwritten annotations identifying geographic features. The photograph appears to be a reconnaissance or scientific imagery frame with a north orientation marker. A dashed line crosses the image diagonally, likely indicating a flight path or boundary. The terrain shows varied topography with lighter and darker regions suggesting mountains, valleys, and possibly a lagoon or body of water.